Romanov or Hohlstein?

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/IFZx1LRIVKI

From 1762 to 1917 Russia was ruled by a line of the House of Oldenburg (of which Prince Charles is also a member) descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. This line was officially also called Romanov, although genealogists sometimes style it, more accurately, Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.


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Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
Herzogtum Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (German)
Hertugd;mmet Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp (Danish)
1544–1773
Flag of Ducal Holstein
Merchant Ensign of Holstein-Gottorp
Coat of arms of Ducal Holstein
Coat of arms
Location of Ducal Holstein
Status Duchy (originally as an Appanage)
Capital Schleswig
Ethnic groups Germans, Danes
Government
• Duke
Adolf I (First)
• Duke
Paul I (last)
Establishment 1544
History
• Second partitioning of Schleswig-Holstein
1544
• Treaty of Frederiksborg
1720
• Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
1773
• Established
1544
• Disestablished
1773
Today part of
Germany
Denmark
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Huset Holsten-Gottorp (Danish)

Parent house House of Oldenburg
Country
 Russian Empire
 Kingdom of Denmark
 Kingdom of Sweden
 Kingdom of Norway
 Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
 Duchy of Oldenburg
 Duchy of Schleswig
 Duchy of Holstein
Etymology From Holstein region and Gottorf Castle, Schleswig
Founded 1544
Founder Adolf of Denmark
Current head Christian, Duke of Oldenburg
Final ruler
Schleswig-Holstein: Paul I
Russia: Nicholas II
Oldenburg: Frederick Augustus II
Titles
List
Estate(s)
Gottorf Castle (former, Schleswig-Holstein)
Schloss Oldenburg (former, Oldenburg)
Winter Palace (former, Russia)
Deposition
Schleswig-Holstein: 1773
Russian Empire: 1917
Oldenburg: 1918
Cadet branches
Holstein-Gottorp-Sweden (extinct)
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov (agnatic)
Holstein-Gottorp (pronounced [;h;l;ta;n ;;;t;;p]) is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, a side branch of the elder Danish line of the German House of Oldenburg. Other parts of the duchies were ruled by the kings of Denmark.

The territories of Gottorp are located in present-day Denmark and Germany. The main seat of the dukes was Gottorf Castle in the city of Schleswig in the duchy of Schleswig. It is also the name of the ducal house, which ascended to several thrones. For this reason, genealogists and historians sometimes use the name of Holstein-Gottorp for related dynasties of other countries.

The formal title adopted by these rulers was "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Dithmarschen and Stormarn", but that title was also used by his kinsmen, the kings of Denmark and their cadet branches, as it was the common property of all these agnates. The Gottorp branch held Landeshoheit (territorial superiority) over the duchy of Holstein in the Holy Roman Empire and over the duchy of Schleswig in the kingdom of Denmark.[citation needed] For the sake of convenience, the name Holstein-Gottorp is used instead of the technically more correct "Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in/at Gottorp".[citation needed]

The oldest of the ducal titles was that of Schleswig, which had been confirmed in fief to a royal kinsman by the regent Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1386 on behalf of her son, Olaf II of Denmark. The kings of Denmark were granted Holstein as an imperial fief by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III in 1474.

History

Gottorf Castle, after which the house of Holstein-Gottorp is named

Coat of arms of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp (from Siebmachers Wappenbuch)[1]
In 1544, the so-called "one-third duchy" was ceded to Adolf, third son of King Frederick I of Denmark and the youngest half-brother of King Christian III of Denmark. Thus, the surviving House of Holstein-Gottorp is a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg. The Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp shared the uneasy rule of Schleswig and Holstein with the Kings of Denmark. As such, they were often allies (practically clients) of the Swedes, enemies of the Danes. This longtime alliance was sealed by several dynastic marriages: Christina of Holstein-Gottorp married Charles IX of Sweden, Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp married Charles X Gustavus, Duke Frederick IV married the eldest daughter of King Charles XI of Sweden, and ultimately Prince Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp ascended to the Swedish throne in 1751, founding the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty of Sweden (ruled 1751–1818).

By the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) and the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660), Denmark-Norway released Gottorp from its feudal bonds and recognized the sovereignty of its dukes over the Gottorp portions of the duchy of Schleswig. In fact, these Schleswigers had been relatively independent already for more than a century. Although the duchy of Holstein remained officially a fief of the Empire, in fact by treaty its dukes co-governed both duchies with their formal overlord, the Danish king.

Gottorp question
In the Great Northern War, the duchy sided with Sweden and was defeated after Danish troops occupied the northern portions of Holstein-Gottorp. According to the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg, Swedish support for Gottorp ceased, making it impossible for the dukes to regain their lost territories in Schleswig and prolonging their feud with the king of Denmark. Following the peace settlement of 1721, Duke Charles Frederick fled to the court of Peter the Great of Russia, and for some time, the Russians intrigued to restore Charles Frederick to his lands in Schleswig. Charles Frederick himself was married to Grand Duchess Anna, Peter's daughter. Peter II and his successors abandoned the policy of Peter the Great of backing the claims of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp on their part of Schleswig. in fact Russia wanted to have a port on the coast of the Northern sea so it needed not Schleswig but friendship of dukes. But from this marriage was born Charles Peter Ulrich, who succeeded to Holstein-Gottorp in 1739, and became an heir to the Russian throne according to the will of Catherine I and especially upon the accession of his childless aunt Elizabeth in 1741.

Charles Peter Ulrich, who acceded to the Russian throne as Peter III in 1762, was determined to conquer his part of Schleswig from Denmark–Norway and to attach it to Holstein. When he became emperor in 1762, he immediately signed a generous peace with Prussia and withdrew Russia from the Seven Years' War in order to concentrate fully on an attack upon Denmark together with Prussia. This move angered Russian opinion, since it was considered a betrayal of Russia's sacrifices in the war, as well as placing national interests in jeopardy. At the same time, the Danish army had hastily moved across the border into Mecklenburg, to avoid an invasion of Holstein, and prepared for battle. The two armies stood less than 30 kilometres apart when news from Saint Petersburg suddenly reached the Russian army that its emperor had been overthrown by his wife, who had now acceded to the throne as Empress Catherine II. One of her first actions was to call off the war against Denmark and any territorial claims and restore normal relations.

Peter III's son, Paul, the new Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, was a minor under the regency of his mother, the empress. With the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, she agreed to cede the territorial claims of her son to the Holstein-Gottorp lands still held by Denmark and to cede the part of Duchy, held by her husband, obtaining in exchange the German countships of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, elevated in 1776 into the duchy of Oldenburg within the Holy Roman Empire. The duchy was given to the cousin of Paul's grandfather—the aged Prince-Bishop of L;beck, head of a younger branch of the Holstein-Gottorp family. This put an end to the Gottorp question, which had generated so many conflicts between the Nordic powers.

The House of Holstein-Gottorp acceded to several European thrones. The dynastic policy of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp resulted in its cadet branch, the Swedish line, ruling Sweden from 1751 until 1818 and Norway from 1814 to 1818. In 1863, the related House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl;cksburg — descended from King Christian III of Denmark — became Kings of Denmark and Greece and, in 1905, of Norway.

The L;beck branch became first dukes and later grand dukes of Oldenburg from (1773 until 1918), while the senior branch ruled Russia briefly in 1762 and then again from 1796 until 1917 (while in 1762–1796 it was ruled by their widow, second cousin and mother). However although agnatic members of this house reigned in Russia, they were commonly called Romanov, or more rarely, Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.

Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp

Coat of arms of Count Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp

Coat of Arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Dukes of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp:

1544–1586: Adolf
1586–1587: Frederick II
1587–1590: Philip
1590–1616: John Adolf
1616–1659: Frederick III
1659–1694: Christian Albert
1694–1702: Frederick IV
1702–1720: Charles Frederick
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp at Kiel:

1720–1739: Charles Frederick
1739–1762: Karl Peter Ulrich (later Peter III of Russia)
1762–1773: Paul (Emperor 1796–1801) 1773 exchanged claim for Duchy of Oldenburg
Titular Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp at St Petersburg (House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov):

1773–1801: Paul (Emperor 1796–1801)
1801–1825: Alexander I of Russia
1825–1831: Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia
1831–1856: Nicholas I of Russia
1856–1881: Alexander II of Russia
1881–1894: Alexander III of Russia
1894–1918: Nicholas II of Russia
1918–1918: Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia (At the murder of the Emperor and his family it is understood that the Emperor was the first to die. Therefore, Tsarevitch Alexei briefly became titular Duke)[citation needed]
1918–1938: Cyril Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia (After the murder of the Emperor and the Tsarevitch in 1918, the title passed to the surviving senior male branch of the Romanov family)
1938–1992: Vladimir Kirillovich, Grand Duke of Russia (Grand Duke Vladimir died with only female issue, and so the title should pass to the senior male member of the House of Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp. To whom is a contested issue)
One view[2] is that the heir is the non-dynastic son of Grand Duke Dimitri, only son of Grand Duke Paul, himself the youngest brother of Alexander III. This heir is non-dynastic in the Russian sense, but the Danish branch of the House of Oldenburg had no declared ban against unequal marriages (but against non authorized marriages in Denmark), as Schleswig, where the (once sovereign) Schloss Gottorf is located, was never part of Holy Roman Empire or under its jurisdiction. These heirs live in USA and have not staked a public claim to titles.

1992–2004: Prince Paul Dimitrievich Romanovsky-Ilyinsky
2004–present: Prince Dimitri Pavlovich Romanovsky-Ilyinsky (born 1954)
Prince Dimitri Pavlovich Romanovsky-Ilyinsky has no sons. His only male heir, his brother Prince Michael Romanovsky-Ilyinsky, is also without male issue, and there are currently no further male heirs in the Romanovsky-Ilyinsky line to inherit this theoretical claim to the Duchy. This claim would then pass on through the line of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia to Andrew Andreevich, Prince of Russia and his descendants.

Another view determines that Nicholas II's August 11, 1903 renunciation of claims to the Oldenburg titles and duchy for himself and for all his family and descendants[3] made it impossible for any of the Romanov heirs to bear the dynastically valid Schleswig Holstein titles independently.

A third view is that by the end of the Holy Roman Empire it was a principle of German princely law that members of all princely families which held Reichsstand status therein were required to contract ebenb;rtig in order to transmit dynastic rights to their descendants.[4] If descendants of Grand Duke Dmitri's marriage with Audrey Emery are considered ineligible to succeed to the ducal Holstein claim, it is unclear which, if any, of the various male-line branches descended from the Imperial Romanovs remain eligible. If marriages-in-exile with Russian princesses or countesses meet the marital standard, male-line heirs may yet exist. If, however, all marriages deemed morganatic by Russian Imperial standards were also non-dynastic for the Gottorp succession, the genealogically senior Holstein-Gottorp dynast would be Christian, Duke of Oldenburg, current head of the branch descending from Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, the younger brother of Duke Frederick IV. He already holds claim to the defunct title of grand duke of Oldenburg. Either way, the king of Denmark exercised sovereignty in the duchies and provided financial support to the cadet Schleswig-Holstein branches of the House of Oldenburg. The claim to Holstein inherited by Emperor Paul I from Peter II was exchanged in 1773 for the Danish kings' duchy of Oldenburg (residual succession rights being retained), the rulers of which lost sovereignty there in 1918. King Christian IX of Denmark lost Schleswig and Holstein in the Second Schleswig War in 1864, subsequent to which both duchies were incorporated into the kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire. Danish monarchs continued to use their traditional ducal titles in pretence until the death of king Frederik IX of Denmark in 1972. In 1920, Northern Schleswig was returned to Danish rule after a plebiscite, the remainder of the former duchies remains part of Germany.
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History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Origins Available:
Germany
Etymology of Hohlstein
What does the name Hohlstein mean?
The name is a shortened form of the Middle Low German word "holtsate," meaning "one who dwells in the woods." Holstein, was the name of a German region as well as of several villages, and in turn, some bearers of this name no doubt derived their name from the place names.

Early Origins of the Hohlstein family
The surname Hohlstein was first found in Germany, where the name Hohlstein came from humble beginnings but gained a significant reputation for its contribution to the emerging mediaeval society. It later became more prominent as numerous branches of the same house acquired distant estates, some of which were located in other countries. Through the acquisition of these estates as well as their important contributions to society, the family successfully elevated their social status.