Stalemate

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Stalemate is a situation in chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check and has no legal move. Stalemate results in a draw. During the endgame, stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than lose.[2] In more complex positions, stalemate is much rarer, usually taking the form of a swindle that succeeds only if the superior side is inattentive. Stalemate is also a common theme in endgame studies and other chess problems.

The outcome of a stalemate was standardized as a draw in the 19th century (see § History of the stalemate rule, below). Before this standardization, its treatment varied widely, including being deemed a win for the stalemating player, a half-win for that player, or a loss for that player; not being permitted; and resulting in the stalemated player missing a turn. Stalemate rules vary in variants and other games of the chess family.

Etymology and usage

The first recorded use of stalemate is from 1765. It is a compounding of Middle English stale and mate (meaning checkmate). Stale is probably derived from Anglo-French estale meaning "standstill", a cognate of "stand" and "stall", both ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sta-. The first recorded use in a figurative sense is in 1885.
Stalemate has become a widely used metaphor for other situations where there is a conflict or contest between two parties, such as war or political negotiations, and neither side is able to achieve victory, resulting in what is also called an impasse, a deadlock, or a Mexican standoff. Chess writers note that this usage is a misnomer because, unlike in chess, the situation is often a temporary one that is ultimately resolved, even if it seems currently intractable.[5][6][7][8] The term "stalemate" is sometimes used incorrectly as a generic term for a draw in chess. While draws are common, they are rarely the direct result of stalemate.

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Ein Patt ist eine Endposition einer Schachpartie, bei der ein am Zug befindlicher Spieler keinen gueltigen Zug machen kann und sein Koenig nicht im Schach steht. Ein Patt wird als Remis, also unentschieden gewertet. Daher kann es als Rettungsanker eines verteidigenden Spielers dienen. Manchmal kann Patt mit einer Kombination erzwungen werden, mitunter wird eine Unachtsamkeit des angreifenden Spielers ausgenutzt. In einigen Endspielen ist moegliches Patt eine Ressource, um Remis zu halten.

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Пат (фр. pat, итал. patta) — положение в партии в шахматах и других играх шахматного типа, при котором сторона, имеющая право хода, не может им воспользоваться, так как все её фигуры и пешки, находящиеся на доске, лишены возможности сделать ход по правилам, причём король не находится под шахом.