A Siberian Owl Hooting Warningly...

  EPYGRAPGS:
 
  “Despite this uncertainty, we can firmly say: an owl can see a mouse on a football field lit by a single candle. However, only a specific owl can do this, tracking a mouse of a specific color on a specific football field in specific lighting and weather conditions. must be installed at a specific distance and angle." - Martin Windrow "The Owl who liked to sit on Caesar."
  - Source: https://www.livelib.ru/tag//quotes
 
  “This is a person who prays, fasts, self-tortures, runs away from the world; who, like an owl, feels good only in complete solitude. "- Paul Henri Holbach, French philosopher of German origin, writer, encyclopedist, educator, 1723 - 1789.
 
  "The cynic is a human owl, awake in the dark and blind in the light, eager for the fall and neglecting noble game." - Henry Ward Beecher, American religious leader, 1813-1887.
  - Source: https://ru.citaty.net/temy/sova/.
 
  "The wise snowy owls and the wolf friends
  I studied in the quiet of my native forests.
  And pacify the blizzard, and the winds run violently ...
  I can! After all, the daughter of the snows is not just a person."
  - Lana Lantz - writer, poet, founder of the" Sticks "group, author and performer of songs; born in Novosibirsk.
- Source: https://proza.ru/avtor/123lll456.

  "WISDOM, SAPIENCE, or SAGACITY is the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight. Wisdom is associated with attributes such as unbiased judgment, compassion, experiential self-knowledge, self-transcendence and non-attachment, and virtues such as ethics and benevolence."
  "Wisdom has been defined in many different ways,[2][5][3] including several distinct approaches to assess the characteristics attributed to wisdom
Zoroastrianism:
  "In the Avesta hymns traditionally attributed to Zoroaster, the Gathas, Ahura Mazda means "Lord" (Ahura) and "Wisdom" (Mazda), and it is the central deity who embodies goodness, being also called "Good Thought" (Vohu Manah). In Zoroastrianism in general, the order of the universe and morals is called Asha (in Avestan, truth, righteousness), which is determined by the designations of this omniscient Thought and also considered a deity emanating from Ahura (Amesha Spenta); it is related to another ahura deity, Spenta Mainyu (active Mentality).[69] It says in Yazna 31:
    "To him shall the best befall, who, as one that knows, speaks to me Right's
    truthful word of Welfare and of Immortality; even the Dominion of Mazda
    which Good Thought shall increase for him. About which he in the beginning
    thus thought, "let the blessed realms be filled with Light", he it is that
    by his wisdom created Right."
  ANCIENT NEAR EAST: 
  "In Mesopotamian religion and mythology, Enki, also known as Ea, was the God of wisdom and intelligence. Divine Wisdom allowed the provident designation of functions and the ordering of the cosmos, and it was achieved by humans in following me-s (in Sumerian, order, rite, righteousness), restoring the balance. In addition to hymns to Enki or Ea dating from the third millennium BC., there is amongst the clay tablets of Abu Salabikh from 2600 BC, considered as being the oldest dated texts, an "Hymn to Shamash", in which it is recorded written:
  "Wide is the courtyard of Shamash night chamber, (just as wide is the womb of) a wise pregnant woman! Sin, his warrior, wise one, heard of the offerings and came down to his fiesta. He is the father of the nation and the father of intelligence."
  "The concept of Logos or manifest word of the divine thought, a concept also present in the philosophy and hymns of Egypt and Ancient Greece[65] (being central to the thinker Heraclitus), and substantial in the Abrahamic traditions, seems to have been derived from Mesopotamian culture."
  "Sia represents the personification of perception and thoughtfulness in the traditional mythology adhered to in Ancient Egypt. Thoth, married to Maat (in ancient Egyptian, meaning order, righteousness, truth), was also important and regarded as a national introducer of wisdom."
  HEBREW BIBLE AND JUDAISM:
  "The word wisdom is mentioned 222 times in the Hebrew Bible. It was regarded as one of the highest virtues among the Israelites along with kindness and justice. Both the books of Proverbs and Psalms urge readers to obtain and
increase in wisdom."
   "In the Hebrew Bible, wisdom is represented by Solomon, who asks God for wisdom in 2 Chronicles 1:10. Much of the Book of Proverbs, which is filled with wise sayings, is attributed to Solomon. In Proverbs 9:10, the fear of the Lord is called the beginning of wisdom. In Proverbs 1:20, there is also reference to wisdom personified in female form, "Wisdom calls aloud in the streets, she raises her voice in the marketplaces." In Proverbs 8:22–31, this personified wisdom is described as being present with God before creation began and even taking part in creation itself."
  "The Talmud teaches that a wise person is a person who can foresee the future. Nolad is a Hebrew word for "future," but also the Hebrew word for birth, so one rabbinic interpretation of the teaching is that a wise person is one who can foresee the consequences of his/her choices (i.e. can "see the future" that he/she "gives birth" to)."
  CHRISTIA TEOLOGY:
  "Further information: Sophiology and Sophia (wisdom)
In Christian theology, "wisdom" (From Hebrew: ;;;; transliteration: chokm;h pronounced: khok-maw', Greek: Sophia, Latin: Sapientia) describes an aspect of God, or the theological concept regarding the wisdom of God."
"David and Abigail, Abigail was a "wise woman" who helped David, 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld."
"  There is an oppositional element in Christian thought between secular wisdom and Godly wisdom. Paul the Apostle states that worldly wisdom thinks the claims of Christ to be foolishness. However, to those who are "on the path to salvation" Christ represents the wisdom of God. (1 Corinthians 1:17–31) Wisdom is considered one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit according to Anglican, Catholic, and Lutheran belief.[72] 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 gives an alternate list of nine virtues, among which wisdom is one."
  "The book of Proverbs in the Old Testament of the Bible primarily focuses on wisdom, and was primarily written by one of the wisest kings according to Jewish history, King Solomon. Proverbs is found in the Old Testament section of the Bible and gives direction on how to handle various aspects of life; one's relationship with God, marriage, dealing with finances, work, friendships and
  persevering in difficult situations faced in life."
"According to King Solomon, wisdom is gained from God, "For the Lord gives wisdom; from His mouth come knowledge and understanding" Proverbs 2:6. And through God's wise aide, one can have a better life: "He holds success in store for the upright, he is a shield to those whose walk is blameless, for he guards the course of the just and protects the way of his faithful ones" Proverbs 2:7-
 "Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways submit to him, and he will make your paths straight" Proverbs 3:5-6. Solomon basically states that with the wisdom one receives from God, one will be able to find success and happiness in life."
  "There are various verses in Proverbs that contain parallels of what God loves, which is wise, and what God does not love, which is foolish. For example, in the area of good and bad behaviour Proverbs states, "The way of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord, But He loves him who pursues righteousness (Proverbs 15:9). In relation to fairness and business it is stated that, "A false balance is an abomination to the Lord, But a just weight is His delight" (Proverbs 11:1; cf. 20:10,23). On the truth it is said, "Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord, But those who deal faithfully are His delight" (12:22; cf. 6:17,19). These are a few examples of what, according to Solomon, are good and wise in the eyes of God, or bad and foolish, and in doing these good and wise things, one becomes closer to God by living in an honorable and kind manner."
  "King Solomon continues his teachings of wisdom in the book of Ecclesiastes, which is considered one of the most depressing books of the Bible. Solomon discusses his exploration of the meaning of life and fulfillment, as he speaks of life's pleasures, work, and materialism, yet concludes that it is all meaningless. "'Meaningless! Meaningless!" says the Teacher [Solomon]. 'Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless'...For with much wisdom comes much sorrow, the more knowledge, the more grief" (Ecclesiastes 1:2,18) Solomon concludes that all life's pleasures and riches, and even wisdom, mean nothing if there is no relationship with God."
  "In the book of James, written by the apostle James, is said to be the New Testament version of the book of Proverbs, in that it is another book that discusses wisdom. It reiterates Proverbs message of wisdom coming from God by stating, "If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you." James 1:5. James also explains how wisdom helps one acquire other forms of virtue,
  "But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere." James 3:17. In addition,through wisdom for living James focuses on using this God-given wisdom to perform acts of service to the less fortunate.
@Apart from Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and James, other main books of wisdom in the Bible are Job, Psalms, and 1 and 2 Corinthians, which give lessons on gaining and using wisdom through difficult situations."
  ISLAM:
  "The Arabic term corresponding to Hebrew Chokmah is ";ikma". The term occurs a number of times in the Quran, notably in Sura 2:269: "He gives wisdom to whom He wills, and whoever has been given wisdom has certainly been given much good. And none will remember except those of understanding." (Quran 2:269). and Sura 22:46: "Have they not travelled in the land, and have they hearts wherewith to feel and ears wherewith to hear? For indeed it is not the eyes that grow blind, but it is the hearts, which are within the bosoms, that grow blind."Quran 22:46 Sura 6: 151: 1]
  "Say: "Come, I will rehearse what Allah (God) hath (really) prohibited you from": Join not anything as equal with Him; be good to your parents; kill not your children on a plea of want;; We provide sustenance for you and for them;; come not nigh to shameful deeds, whether open or secret; take not life, which Allah hath made sacred, except by way of justice and law: thus doth He command you, that ye may learn wisdom" (Quran 6:151)."
  "The Sufi philosopher Ibn Arabi considers al-Hakim ("The Wise") as one of the names of the Creator.[81] Wisdom and truth, considered divine attributes, were concepts related and valued in the Islamic sciences and philosophy since their beginnings, and the first Arab philosopher, Al-Kindi says at the beginning of his book:
    "We must not be ashamed to admire the truth or to acquire it, from wherever
    it comes. Even if it should come from far-flung nations and foreign peoples,
    there is for the student of truth nothing more important than the truth, nor
    is the truth demeaned or diminished by the one who states or conveys it; no
    one is demeaned by the truth, rather all are ennobled by it."
  "Lead me from the unreal to the real.
Lead me from darkness to light.
Lead me from death to immortality.
May there be peace, peace, and peace".
- Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.
  "The Buddhist term Praj;; was translated into Chinese as ("pinyin zh;hu;", "knowledge" and "bright, intelligent")."
  "According to the Doctrine of the Mean, Confucius said:
    "Love of learning is akin to wisdom. To practice with vigor is akin to
    humanity. To know to be shameful is akin to courage (zhi, ren, yong - three
    of Mengzi's sprouts of virtue)."
  "Compare this with the Confucian classic Great Learning, which begins with: "The Way of learning to be great consists in manifesting the clear character, loving the people, and abiding in the highest good." One can clearly see the correlation with the Roman virtue prudence, especially if one interprets "clear character" as "clear conscience". (From Chan's Sources of Chinese Philosophy)."
  "In Taoism, wisdom is construed as adherence to the Three Treasures (Taoism): charity, simplicity, and humility.[citation needed] "He who knows other men is discerning "Нe who knows himself is intelligent [Tao Te Ching)".
Dource: =  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom

 ***

  "Step aside!, - I will carry my sorrow myself...
  Sullenly Owls are hooting that it is winter
  .... .... .... ..
  My head is burning,... And it is impossible to fly -

  Away, - and you have to hibernate, - just alone..."[1]
  The Owl[2] is sullently hooting, dejecting,
  Yearning, languishing, getting bored, mourning, getting
  Loose, melancholing, unwinding, becomng -

  Sad, and grieveimg, takimg-pity, pushing, and
  Yearning, and terrbly sad, saddening... "Well, I -
  Will not suddenly disturb your empty soul,...
  - You are - NOT my friend, You are NOT my enemy,

  But - just like a stranger!... "[1] What is Hecuba to him?...
  Wants to sneeze, though-the-grass-doesn't-grow,
  Cold-blooded, cold-hearted, phlegmatic, does not lead
  His ear, lost, indifferent, chilled, not-giving-a-fuck...

  ***

  THE AUTHOR'S NOTES:
  [1].  The quotations from the Russian verse: "Посторонись, свою печаль я пронесу сама...", by Svetlana Kondratyshyna (Zaporozhetz; Pronina), (1938, Dolzhanskaya Station, Ukraine 
  - 2020, Kremyonki,Russia).
  [2]. "OWLS - Are birds from the order Strigiformes, which includes over 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight. Exceptions include the diurnal northern hawk-owl and the gregarious burrowing owl."
  "Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except polar ice caps and some remote islands.
Owls are divided into two families: the true (or typical) owl family, Strigidae, and the barn-owl family, Tytonidae."
  "A group of owls is called a "parliament."."
  "Behavior."
Most owls are nocturnal, actively hunting their prey in darkness. Several types of owls, however, are crepuscular—active during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk; one example is the pygmy owl (Glaucidium). A few owls are active during the day, also; examples are the burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia) and the short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)."
  "Much of the owls' hunting strategy depends on stealth and surprise. Owls have at least two adaptations that aid them in achieving stealth. First, the dull coloration of their feathers can render them almost invisible under certain conditions. Secondly, serrated edges on the leading edge of owls' remiges muffle an owl's wing beats, allowing an owl's flight to be practically silent. Some fish-eating owls, for which silence has no evolutionary advantage, lack this adaptation."
  "An owl's sharp beak and powerful talons allow it to kill its prey before swallowing it whole (if it is not too big). Scientists studying the diets of owls are helped by their habit of regurgitating the indigestible parts of their prey (such as bones, scales, and fur) in the form of pellets. These "owl pellets" are plentiful and easy to interpret, and are often sold by companies to schools for dissection by students as a lesson in biology and ecology."
  "Ancient European and modern Western culture."
The modern West generally associates owls with wisdom and vigilance. This link goes back at least as far as Ancient Greece, where Athens, noted for art and scholarship, and Athena, Athens' patron goddess and the goddess of wisdom, had the owl as a symbol. Marija Gimbutas traces veneration of the owl as a goddess, among other birds, to the culture of Old Europe, long pre-dating Indo-European cultures."
  "T.F. Thiselton-Dyer, in his 1883 Folk-lore of Shakespeare, says that "from the earliest period it has been considered a bird of ill-omen," and Pliny tells us how, on one occasion, even Rome itself underwent a lustration, because one of them strayed into the Capitol. He represents it also as a funereal bird, a monster of the night, the very abomination of human kind."
  "Virgil describes its death-howl from the top of the temple by night, a circumstance introduced as a precursor of Dido's death. Ovid, too, constantly speaks of this bird's presence as an evil omen; and indeed the same notions respecting it may be found among the writings of most of the ancient poets." A list of "omens drear" in John Keats' Hyperion includes the "gloom-bird's hated screech." Pliny the Elder reports that owl's eggs were commonly used as a hangover cure."
  "Although humans and owls frequently live together in harmony, there have been incidents when owls have attacked humans. For example, in January 2013, a man from Inverness, Scotland suffered heavy bleeding and went into shock after being attacked by an owl, which was likely a 50-centimetre-tall (20 in) eagle owl.  The photographer Eric Hosking lost his left eye after attempting to photograph a tawny owl, which inspired the title of his 1970 autobiography, An Eye for a Bird.»." - Источник: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl.
  "Snowy owl."
  "The snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) is a large, white owl of the true owl family.[3] It is sometimes also referred to, more infrequently, as the polar owl, white owl and the Arctic owl.[4] Snowy owls are native to the Arctic regions of both North America and the Palearctic, breeding mostly on the tundra.[2] It has a number of unique adaptations to its habitat and lifestyle, which are quite distinct from other extant owls."
  "One of the largest species of owl, it is the only owl with largely white plumage.[3] Males tend to be a purer white overall while females tend to more have more extensive flecks of dark brown. Juvenile male snowy owls have dark markings that may appear similar to females until maturity, at which point they typically turn whiter. The composition of brown markings about the wing, although not foolproof, is the most reliable technique to age and sex individual snowy owls."
  "Most owls sleep during the day and hunt at night, but the snowy owl is often active during the day, especially in the summertime. The snowy owl is both a specialized and generalist hunter. Its breeding efforts and entirely global population are closely tied to the availability of tundra-dwelling lemmings but in the non-breeding season and occasionally during breeding the snowy owl can adapt to almost any available prey, most often other small mammals and northerly water birds (as well as, opportunistically, carrion)." 
  "Snowy owls typically nest on a small rise on the ground of the tundra. The snowy owl lays a very large clutch of eggs, often from about 5 to 11, with the laying and hatching of eggs considerably staggered. Despite the short Arctic summer, the development of the young takes a relatively long time and independence is sought in autumn."
  "The snowy owl is a nomadic bird, rarely breeding at the same locations or with the same mates on an annual basis and often not breeding at all if prey is unavailable.  A largely migatory bird, snowy owls often wandering almost anywhere close to the Arctic sometimes unpredictably irrupting to the south in large numbers.[6][9] Given the difficulty of surveying such an unpredictable bird, there was little in depth knowledge historically about the snowy owl's status."
  "However, recent data suggests the species is declining precipitously. Whereas the global population was once estimate at over 200,000 individuals, recent data suggests that there are probably fewer than 100,000 individuals globally and that the number of successful breeding pairs is 28,000 or even considerably less.  While the causes are not well-understood, numerous, complex environment factors often correlated with global warming are probably at the forefront of the fragility of the snowy owl's existence."
  "Description."
  "The snowy owl, of course, is mostly white. They are purer white than predatory mammals like polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). Often when seen in the field, these owls can resemble a pale rock or a lump of snow on the ground. It usually appears to lack ear tufts but very short (and probably vestigial) tufts can be erected in some situations, perhaps most frequently by the female when she is sitting on the nest. The ear tufts measure about 20 to 25 mm (0.79 to 0.98 in) and consist of about 10 small feathers. The snowy owl has bright yellow eyes."
  "The head is relatively small and, even for the relatively simply adapted hearing mechanism of a Bubo owl, the facial disc is shallow and the ear is uncomplicated. 1 male had ear slits of merely 21 mm ; 14 mm (0.83 in ; 0.55 in) on left and 21 mm ; 14.5 mm (0.83 in ; 0.57 in) on the right. Females are almost invariably more duskily patterned than like-age males. In mature males, the upper parts are plain white with usually a few dark spots on the miniature ear-tufts, about the head and the tips of some primaries and secondaries whilst the underside is often pure white."
  "Despite their reputation for being purely white, only 3 out of 129 Russian museum specimens of adult males showed an almost complete absence of darker spots. The adult female is usually considerably more spotted and often slightly barred with dark brown on the crown and the underparts. Her flight and tail feathers are faintly barred brown while the underparts are white in base color with brown spotting and barring on the flanks and upper breast."
  "In confusingly plumaged snowy owls, the sex can be determined by the shape of wing markings, which manifest as bars more so in females and spots in males. However, the very darkest males and the lightest females are nearly indistinguishable by plumage. On rare occasion, a female can appear almost pure white, as has been recorded in both the field and in captivity. There is some evidnce that some of the species grow paler with age after maturity."
  "One study's conclusions were that males were usually but not always lighter and that correctly aging is extremely difficult, sometimes individuals either get lighter, darker or do not change their appearance with age. On the other hand, with close study, it is possible to visually identify even identify individual snowy owls using the pattern of markings on the wing, which can be somewhat unique in each individual."
  "After a fresh moult, some adult females that previously appeared relatively pale newly evidenced dark, heavy markings. On the contrary, some banded individuals over at least four years were observed to have been almost entirely unchanged in the extent of their markings. In another very pale owl, the barn owl (Tyto alba), the sexual dimorphism of spotting appears to be driven by genetics while, in snowy owls, environment may be the dictating factor instead."
  "The chicks are initially grayish white but quickly transition to dark gray-brown in the mesoptile plumage. This type of plumage camouflages effectively against the variously colored lichens that dot the tundra ground. This is gradually replaced by plumage showing dark barring on white. At the point of fledging, the plumage often becomes irregularly mottled or blotched with dark and is mostly solidly dark gray-brown above with white eyebrows and other areas of the face white. Recently fledged young can already be sexed to a semi-reliable degree by the dark marking patterns about their wings. The juvenile plumage resembles that of adult females but averages slightly darker on average. By their second moult fewer or more broken bars are usually evidenced on the wing."
  "The extent of white and composition of wing patterns become more dimorphic by sex with each juvenile moult, culminating in the 4th or 5th pre-basic moult, wherein the owls are hard to distinguish from mature adults. Moults usually occur from July and September, non-breeding birds moulting later and more extensively, and are never extensive enough to render the owls flightless. Evidence indicates that snowy owls may attain adult plumage at 3 to 4 years of age, but fragmentary information suggests that some males are not fully mature and/or as fully white in plumage that they can attain until the 9th or 10th year. Generally speaking, moults of snowy owls occur more quickly than do those of Eurasian eagle-owls."
  "The toes of the snowy owl are extremely thickly feathered white, while the claws are black. The toe feathers are the longest known of any owl, averaging at 33.3 mm (1.31 in), against the great horned owl which has the 2nd longest toe feathers at a mean of 13 mm (0.51 in) Occasionally, snowy owls may show a faint blackish edge to the eyes and have a dark gray cere, though this is often not visible from the feather coverage, and a black bill."
  "Unlike many other whitish birds, the snowy owl does not possess black wingtips, which is theorized to minimize wear-and-tear on the wing feathers in the other whitish bird types. The conspicuously notched primaries of the snowy owl appear to give an advantage over similar owls in long-distance flight and more extensive flapping flight."
  "The snowy owl does have some of the noise-canceling serrations and comb-like wing feathers that render the flight of most owls functionally silent, but they have fewer than most related Bubo owls. Therefore, in combination with its less soft feathers, the flight of a snowy owl can be somewhat audible at close range. The flight of snowy owls tends to be steady and direct and is reminiscent to some of the flight of a large, slow-flying falcon. Though capable of occasional gliding flight, there is no evidence that snowy owls will soar. It is said that the species seldom exceeds a flying height of around 150 m (490 ft) even during passage."
  "While the feet are sometimes described as "enormous", the tarsus is in osteological terms relatively short at 68% the length of those of a Eurasian eagle-owl but the claws are nearly as large, at 89% of the size of those of the eagle-owl. Despite its relatively short length, the tarsus is of similar circumference as in other Bubo owls. Also compared to an eagle-owl, the snowy owl has a relatively short decurved rostrum, a proportionately greater length to the interorbital roof and a much longer sclerotic ring surrounding the eyes while the anterior opening are the greatest known in any owl]"
  "Owls have extremely large eyes which are nearly the same size in large species such as the snowy owl as those of humans. The snowy owl's eye, at about 23.4 mm (0.92 in) in diameter, is slightly smaller than those of great horned and Eurasian eagle-owls but is slightly larger than those of some other large owls."
  "Snowy owls must be able to see from great distances and in highly variable conditions but probably possess less acute night vision than many other owls. Based on the study of dioptres in different owl species, the snowy owl was determined to have eyesight better suited to long-range perception than to close discrimination, while some related species such as great horned owls could probably more successful perceive closer objects."
  "Despite their visual limits, snowy owls may have up to 1.5 times more visual acuity than humans. Like other owls, snowy owls can probably perceive all colors but cannot perceive ultraviolet visual pigments.  Owls have the largest brains of any bird (increasing in sync with the size of the owl species), with the size of the brain and eye related less to intelligence than perhaps to increased nocturnality and predatory behavior."
Distribution and habitat."
  "Breeding range."
  "The snowy owl is typically found in the northern circumpolar region, where it makes its summer home north of latitude 60° north though sometimes down to 55 degrees north. However, it is a particularly nomadic bird, and because population fluctuations in its prey species can force it to relocate, it has been known to breed at more southerly latitudes. Although the total breeding range includes a little over 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), only about 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi) have a high probability of breeding, i.e. breeding at no more than 3–9-year intervals. Snowy owls nest in the Arctic tundra of the northernmost stretches of Alaska, Northern Canada, and Eurosiberia.
Bobby Tulloch, the Shetland RSPB warden, at the site of the snowy owl nest on the island of Fetlar, Shetland, in August 1967."
  "Between 1967 and 1975, snowy owls bred on the remote island of Fetlar in the Shetland Isles north of Scotland, discovered by the Shetland RSPB warden, Bobby Tulloch.[100] Females summered as recently as 1993, but their status in the British Isles is now that of a rare winter visitor to Shetland, the Outer Hebrides and the Cairngorms. Older records show that the snowy owls may have once semi-regularly bred elsewhere in the Shetlands."
  "They range in northern Greenland (mostly Peary Land) and, rarely in "isolated parts of the highlands", Iceland.] Thence, they are found breeding at times across northern Eurasia such as in Spitsbergen and western and northern Scandinavia. In Norway, they normally breed in Norway in Troms og Finnmark and seldom down as far south as Hardangervidda and in Sweden perhaps down to the Scandinavian Mountains while breeding is very inconsistent in Finland."
  "They also range in much of northern Russia, including northern Siberia, Anadyr, Koryakland, Taymyr Peninsula, Yugorsky Peninsula, Sakha (especially the Chukochya River) and Sakhalin. Breeding have also been reported sporadically to the south in the Komi Republic and even the Kama River in southern Perm Krai."
  "Although considered part of the regular range, the last breeding by snowy owls in the Kola Peninsula was not since the early 1980s; similarly, breeding maps show the species in Arkhangelsk Oblast and the Pay-Khoy Ridge but no breeding records known in at least 30 years in either. They range throughout most of the Arctic isles of Russia such as Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, Commander and Hall Islands."
  "In North America, the breeding range has been known in modern times to include the Aleutians (i.e. Buldir and Attu) and much of northern Alaska, most frequently from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to Barrow, and more sporadically down along the coastal-western parts such as through Nome, Hooper Bay, the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, and rarely even south to the Shumagin Islands.The snowy owl may breed extensively in northern Canada, largely making its home in the Arctic Archipelago."
  "Their Canadian breeding range can include broadly Ellesmere Island up to Cape Sheridan, north coastal Labrador, the northern Hudson Bay, perhaps all of Nunavut (especially the Kivalliq Region), northeastern Manitoba, both most of northern mainland and insular Northwest Territories (including the delta of the Mackenzie River) and northern Yukon Territory (where breeding is mostly confined to Herschel Island). Since breeding and distribution is very small, local and inconsistent in northern Europe, northern Canada and northern Alaska represent the core part of the breeding range for snowy owls along with several parts of northern and northeastern/coastal Russia."
  "Regular wintering range"
  "During the wintering, many snowy owls leave the dark Arctic to migrate to regions further south. Southern limits of the regular winter range are difficult to delineate given the inconsistency of appearances south of the Arctic. Furthermore, not infrequently, many snowy owls will overwinter somewhere in the Arctic through the winter, though seldom appear to do so in the same sites where they have bred. Due in no small part to the difficulty and hazardousness of observation for biologists during these harsh times, there is very limited data on overwintering snowy owls in the tundra, including how many occur, where they winter and what their ecology is at this season."
  "The regular wintering range has at times been thought to include Iceland, Ireland and Scotland and across northern Eurasia such as southern Scandinavia, the Baltics, central Russia, southwestern Siberia, Sakhalin southern Kamchatka and, rarely, north China and sometimes the Altai Republic. In North America, they occasionally regularly winter in the Aleutian island chain and do so broadly and with a fair amount of consistency in much of southern Canada, from British Columbia to Labrador."
  "Recent research has indicated that snowy owls regularly winter in several of the northern seas during wintertime, following the leads of sea ice as perching sites and presumably hunting mostly seabirds in polynyas. In February 1886, a snowy owl landed on the rigging of the Nova Scotia steamship Ulunda on the edge of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, over 800 km (31,000,000 in) from the nearest land. It was captured and later preserved at the Nova Scotia Museum. Surprisingly, some studies have determined that after a high lemming year in North America, a higher percentage of snowy owls were using marine environments rather than inland ones."
  "Behavior"
  "Snowy owls may be active to some extent at both day, from dawn to dusk, and night. Snowy owls have been seen to be active even during the very brief winter daytime in the northern winter. During the Arctic summer, snowy owls may tend to peak in activity during the twilight that is the darkest time available given the lack of full nightfall. Reportedly, the peak time of activity during summer is between 9:00 pm and 3:00 am in Norway."
  "The peak time of activity for those owls that once nested on Fetlar was reported between 10:00 and 11:00 pm According to one authority, the least active times are at noon and midnight. As days become longer near autumn in Barrow, the snowy owls in the tundra become more active around nightfall and can often be seen resting during the day, especially if it is raining."
  "During winter in Alberta, snowy owls were tracked in the daytime, despite being also active at night (as they were deemed too difficult to track). In the study, they were most active from 8:00–10:00 am and 4:00–6:00 pm and often rested mostly from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. The owls were perched for 98% of observed daylight and seemed to time their activity to peak times for rodent. The variation of activity is probably in correspondence with their primary prey, the lemmings, and like them, the snowy owl may be considered cathermal."
    "This species can withstand extremely cold temperatures, having been recorded in temperatures as low as minus 62.5 degrees Celsius with no obvious discomfort and also withstood a 5-hour exposure to minus 93 degrees Celsius but may have struggled with oxygen consumption by the end of this period. The snowy owl has perhaps the second lowest thermal conduction to the plumage on average of any bird after only the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) and rivals the best insulated mammals, such as Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) and Arctic fox, as the best insulated polar creature."
  "Presumably as many as 7 rodents would need to be eaten daily to survive an extremely cold winter's day.[5] Adults and young both have been seen to shelter behind rocks to shield themselves from particularly harsh winds or storms. Snowy owls often spending a majority of time on the ground, perched mostly on a slight rise of elevation.[3] It has been interpreted from the morphology of their skeletal structure (i.e. their short, broad legs) that snowy owls are not well-suited to perching extensively in trees or rocks and prefer a flat surface to sit upon."
    "However, they may perch more so in winter though do so only mainly when hunting, at times on hummocks, Fenceposts, telegraph poles by roads, radio and transmission towers, Haystacks, chimneys and the roofs of houses and large buildings. Rocks may be used as perches at times in all seasons. Though often relatively sluggish owls, like most related species, they are capable of sudden dashing movements in various contexts.[ Snowy owls can walk and run quite quickly, using outstretched wings for balance if necessary."
  "This owl flies with fairly rowing wingbeats, occasionally interrupted by gliding on stretched wings. The flight is fairly buoyant for a Bubo owl. When displaying, the male may engage in an undulating flight with interspersed wingbeats and gliding in a slight dihedral, finally dropping rather vertically to the ground. They are capable for swimming but do not usually do so. Some seen to be swimming were previously injured but young have been seen to swim into water to escape predators if they cannot fly yet. They will also drink when unfrozen water is available."
   "Snowy owl mothers have been observed to preen their young in the wild, while pairs in captivity have been observed to allopreen. In the period leading up to breeding, snowy owls switched regularly between searching (for nesting grounds) and loafing, often searching less when snow cover was less extensive."
   "Snowy owls will fight with conspecifics in all seasons occasionally but this is relatively infrequent during breeding and rarer still during winter. Dogfights and talon interlocking may ensue if the fight between two snowy owls continues to escalate. A study determined that snowy owls are able to orient the whitest parts of their plumage towards the sun, spending about 44% of time oriented as such during sunny days and much less on cloudy days. Some authors interpret this as a presumed signal to conspecifics, but thermoregulation could also be a factor."
  "It is known that during winter in Alberta that female snowy owls are territorial towards one another and may not leave an area for up to 80 days but males are nomadic, usually only staying 1–2 days in an area (seldom to 3–17 days). The females spent on average seven times as long in a given area than did males. During threat displays, individuals will lower the front of the body, stretch the head low and forward, with partially extended wings and feathers on the head and raise their back."
   "If continuously threatened or cornered, the posture in the threat display may become still more contoured and, if pressed, the owl will like back and attempt to slash with its large talons. The threat displays of males are generally more emphatic than those of females. Although snowy owls have been considered as semi-colonial, they do not appear to fit this mold well. Nesting sites can be loosely clustered but this is a coincidental response to concentrated prey and each pair tends to be somewhat intolerant of each other."
  "During winter, snowy owls are usually solitary but some aggregations have been recorded, especially nearer the Arctic when more narrow food selection can lead to up to 20–30 owls gathering in an area of about 20 to 30 ha (49 to 74 acres).
  "Congregations were also recorded in the winter in Montana, where 31–35 owls wintered in a 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi) area, owls mostly grouped in loose aggregations of 5–10 owls each or occasionally side-by-side or about 20 m (66 ft) apart. In extreme cases in Barrow, the owls may have exceptionally close active nests that may be down to only 800 to 1,600 m (2,600 to 5,200 ft) apart.[81] Juvenile males appear to be especially prone to loose associations with one another, appearing to be non-territorial and able to hunt freely in front of one another."
  "In a 213 km2 (82 sq mi) area in and around Barrow, productive years may have about 54 nests while none may be found in poor years. Barrow may have about 5 owls in early summer every 1.6 km (0.99 mi), have a nest spacing of 1.6 to 3.2 km (0.99 to 1.99 mi) and the owls territory size is about 5.2 to 10.2 km2 (2.0 to 3.9 sq mi)."
  "In Churchill, Manitoba, nest spacing averaged about 3.2 km (2.0 mi). In Southampton Island in a year when the owls nested there, nest spacing averaged 3.5 km (2.2 mi), with the closest two 1 km (0.62 mi) apart and density per nest was 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi). In Nunavut, densities could go from 1 owl per 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi) in a productive year to 1 owl per 26 km2 (10 sq mi) in a poor year and from 36 nests in a 100 km2 (39 sq mi) area to none at all.[181][182] Owl density on Wrangel Island in Russia was observed be a single bird each 0.11 to 0.72 km2 (0.042 to 0.278 sq mi)."
  "The first known study of winter territories took place in Horicon Marsh where owls ranged from 0.5 to 2.6 km2 (0.19 to 1.00 sq mi) each.[74] In Calgary, Alberta, mean territory size of juvenile females in winter was 407.5 ha (1,007 acres) and adult females was 195.2 ha (482 acres).] Wintering owls in central Saskatchewan were radio-monitored, determining that 11 males had an average range of 54.4 km2 (21.0 sq mi), while that of 12 females was 31.9 km2 (12.3 sq mi) with the combined average being 53.8 km2 (20.8 sq mi)."
  - Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_owl.
  [3]. The Turkish: "Ozlem", the English: "Longing", and the Russian: "Тоска"...
A painful, dreary lonely and longing observation of the Author. See: His story "To Learn Turkish", 1998, (a lost story).
- Source:   [4]. "Оzlem ne demek? Оzlem TDK sozluk anlami."
Оzlem kelimesi; g;nl;k hayatta s;k s;k kullan;lan kelimeler aras;nda yer al;yor. TDK'ya g;re ;zlem kelimesinin k;keni de merak ediliyor. ;zlem kelimesini ilk kez duyan ki;iler arama motoru Google'da ';zlem ne demek ne anlama geliyor?' sorusunun yan;t;n; ar;yor. Peki ;zlem kelimesinin k;keni ne, ;zlem kelimesinin ka; anlam; var? ;;te ;zlem kelimesinin anlam;… "
  "Ozlem, ya;ant;m;zda s;k kullan;lan kelimelerden birisi olarak kar;;m;za ;;kar. Hem sosyal medyada hem de g;ndelik ya;ant;da kullan;lan ;zlem kelimesi, uzun y;llardan beri dilimizdedir. T;rk Dil Kurumu'na (TDK) g;re farkl; anlamlar; olan ;zlem kelimesi, T;rk;e'de tek ba;;na ya da ;e;itli c;mleler e;li;inde kullan;labilir. Ozlem kelimesi ne demek, TDK'ya g;re anlam; nedir sorular;n;n cevab;n; arayanlar i;in sabah.com.tr do;ru adres! Peki, ;zlem kelimesi ne demek, TDK'ye g;re anlam; nedir? ;zlem kelimesinin k;keni ne, ;zlem kelimesinin ka; anlam; var? ;;te, TDK bilgileri ile merak edilenler…"
  "OZLEM NE DEMEK, NED;R? TDK'YE G;RE ANLAMI."
  ";zlem kelimesi, dilimizde olduk;a kullan;lan kelimelerden birisidir. TDK'ye g;re ;zlem kelimesi anlam; ;u ;ekildedir:
  " - Bir kimseyi, bir yeri veya bir ;eyi g;rme, ona kavu;ma iste;i, hasret, tahass;r."
  OZLEM KEL;MES; C;MLE ;;ER;S;NDE KULLANIMI
  " - Nas;l doysun, y;llar;n ;zlemini gideriyor."
  ;ZLEM KEL;MES; KULLANILAN ATAS;Z; VE DEY;MLER
  " - ;zlemini ;ekmek.".
  " - ;zlemini duymak.".
  OZLEM KEL;MES;N; ;;EREN B;RLE;;K KEL;MELER
  "- s;la ;zlemiю".
  - Source:   ";zlem Kelimesinin E; Anlaml;s; Nedir? ;zlemin E; Anlaml;s;."
  ";zlem kelimesi ta;;d;;; anlam ;zerinden T;rk;ede yayg;n kullan;lan s;zc;klerden biridir. Ayr;ca TDK’ya uygun olarak belirlenmi; e; anlaml;s; da yer almaktad;r. Peki, ;zlem kelimesinin e; anlaml;s; nedir? ;zlemin e; anlaml;s; hakk;nda bilinmesi gerekenler."
;zlem kelimesi i;in T;rk Dil Kurumu a;;s;ndan e; anlaml; olarak ‘hasret’ s;zc;;; kar;;m;za ;;k;yor. Yaz;l;;; ve okunu;u farkl; olan s;zc;kler ayn; anlama ula;arak c;mle i;erisinde kullan;m ;ans; tan;maktad;r. Ayn; zamanda tek ba;;na da anlam i;eren ve farkl; ama;larda kullan;lan s;zc;klerdir."
  ";zlemin E; Anlaml;s;."
  "G;ndelik ya;amda kullan;labilecek ;zlem kelimesinin e; anlaml;s; olarak ‘hasret’ de;erlendirilebilir. Ayn; anlam; tabiri etse bile amaca uygun ;ekilde her iki kelimeyle kullanmak m;mk;n. Ayn; zamanda hem ;zlem hem de Hasret kelimeleri isim olarak da kullan;l;r. K;z ;ocuklar; i;in ;zellikle ;zlem ismi yayg;n de;erlendirilen adlardan biridir."
  "Peki, ;zlem'in anlam; nedir? ;zlem kelimesinin anlam; ‘Canl; ya da cans;z herhangi bir duruma kar;; kavu;ma iste;i, onu yeniden g;rme arzusu’ ;eklinde tan;mlan;r. Bu tan;m; ile beraber ;zlem ile Hasret kelimesini ayn; anlam kapsam;nda de;i;ik yerlerde kullanabilirsiniz."
  - Source: https://   [5]. "Guillaume Albert Vladimir Alexandre Apollinaire de Kostrowitzky1, dit Guillaume Apollinaire, est un po;te et ;crivain fran;ais, critique et th;oricien d'art qui seraitNote 1 n; sujet polonais de l'Empire russe, le 26 ao;t 1880 ; Rome. Il meurt ; Paris le 9 novembre 1918 de la grippe espagnole, mais est d;clar; mort pour la France2 en raison de son engagement durant la guerre."
  "Consid;r; comme l'un des po;tes fran;ais les plus importants du xxe si;cle3, il est l'auteur de po;mes tels Zone, La Chanson du mal-aim;, Le Pont Mirabeau, ayant fait l'objet de plusieurs adaptations en chanson au cours du si;cle. La part ;rotique de son ;uvre – dont principalement trois romans (dont un perdu), de nombreux po;mes et des introductions ; des auteurs licencieux – est ;galement pass;e ; la post;rit;."
  "Il exp;rimenta un temps la pratique du calligramme (terme de son invention, quoiqu'il ne soit pas l'inventeur du genre lui-m;me, d;signant des po;mes ;crits en forme de dessins et non de forme classique en vers et strophes). Il fut le chantre de nombreuses avant-gardes artistiques de son temps, notamment du cubisme et de l'orphisme, ; la gestation desquels il participa en tant que po;te et th;oricien de l'Esprit nouveauNote 2. Pr;curseur du surr;alisme, il en forgea le nom dans son drame Les Mamelles de Tir;sias (1917)."
- Source: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire.
  [6]. "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver."
  "Various Indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces."
  "This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British Parliament."
  "Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition, with a monarch and a prime minister who serves as the chair of the Cabinet and head of government. The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual at the federal level. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture."
  "As a highly developed country, Canada has the seventeenth-highest nominal per-capita income globally as well as the thirteenth-highest ranking in the Human Development Index. Its advanced economy is the tenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the Group of Ten, the G20, the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum."
- Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada.
  [7]. "English is a West Germanic language first spoken in early medieval England which eventually became the leading language of international discourse in today's world.  It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name, England. Both names derive from Anglia, a peninsula on the Baltic Sea. English is most closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon, while its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Old Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as Latin and French."
  "English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a group of West Germanic (Ingvaeonic) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century, are collectively called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England; this was a period in which English was influenced by Old French, in particular through its Old Norman dialect. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London, the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift."
  "Modern English has been spreading around the world since the 17th century by the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law.
  "Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern, with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order, to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection, a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order and a complex syntax.  Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspect and mood, as well as passive constructions", interrogatives and some negation."
  "English is the largest language by number of speakers, and the third most-spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers."
  "As of 2005, it was estimated that there were over 2 billion speakers of English. English is the majority native language in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa and South Asia."
  "It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English speakers are called "Anglophones"."
  "Variability among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions—in terms of phonetics and phonology, and sometimes also vocabulary, idioms, grammar, and spelling—does not typically prevent understanding by speakers of other dialects, although mutual unintelligibility can occur at extreme ends of the dialect continuum."
- Sourse: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language.
  [8]. "Le fran;ais est une langue indo-europ;enne de la famille des langues romanes. Le fran;ais s'est form; en France (vari;t; de la « langue d'o;l », qui ;tait la langue de la partie septentrionale du pays). Le fran;ais est d;clar; langue officielle en France en 15395. Il est parl;, en 2018, sur tous les continents par environ 300 millions de personnes1,6,2 : 235 millions l'emploient quotidiennement, et 90 millions3 en sont des locuteurs natifs. En 2018, 80 millions d';l;ves et ;tudiants s'instruisent en fran;ais dans le monde7. Selon l'Organisation internationale de la francophonie, il pourrait y avoir 700 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2050."
  "Le fran;ais est une des six langues officielles ainsi qu'une des deux langues de travail (avec l'anglais) de l'Organisation des Nations unies. Il est aussi langue officielle ou de travail de plusieurs organisations internationales ou r;gionales, dont l’Union europ;enne. Apr;s avoir ;t;, sous l'Ancien R;gime, la langue des cours royales et princi;res, des tsars de Russie aux rois d'Espagne et le Royaume-Uni, en passant par les princes de l'Allemagne, il demeure une langue importante de la diplomatie internationale, aux c;t;s de l'anglais."
  "La langue fran;aise est un attribut de souverainet; en France, depuis 1992 « la langue de la R;publique est le fran;ais » (article 2 de la Constitution de la Cinqui;me R;publique fran;aise). Elle est ;galement le principal v;hicule de la pens;e et de la culture fran;aise dans le monde. La langue franсaise fait l'objet d'un dispositif public d'enrichissement de la langue, avec le d;cret du 3 juillet 1996 relatif ; l'enrichissement de la langue fran;aise. Particularit; de la langue fran;aise, son d;veloppement et sa codification ont ;t; en partie l';uvre de groupes intellectuels, comme la Pl;iade, ou d'institutions, comme l'Acadеmie franсaise. C'est une langue dite « acadеmique», elle est d'ailleurs surnomm;e la « langue de Moli;re»."
  "Le fran;ais est la deuxi;me langue la plus souvent enseign;e en tant que langue ;trang;re ; travers le monde, y compris aux ;tats-Unis8. Il est ;galement la quatri;me langue la plus utilis;e sur internet apr;s l'espagnol, le mandarin et l'anglais10. Il existe ;galement diff;rents dialectes au sein m;me de la France, aujourd'hui pour la plupart ;teints ou tr;s peu r;pandus, tels que:
  le normand (Normandie)
  l'arpitan (Dans le Lyonnais et la Suisse)
  l'occitan (dont l'accent est tr;s r;pandu dans le sud de la France)
  le gascon (Aquitaine [Bordeaux])
  le guyennois (;teint)
  le bourguignon (Bourgogne)
  le wallon (Belgique, Nord de la France et Luxembourg).
  Pour ne citer que les principaux."
  - Source: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franсais.
  [9]. Російська
       Історичний вокатив
"Історичний вокатив російська мова втратила. Побачити його зараз можна тільки в архаїзмах, наприклад: Бо;же (вокатив від Бог), Го;споди (від Господь), влады;ко (від влады;ка), вра;чу, ста;рче, о;тче, бра;те, сы;не, дру;же, кня;же."
Сучасний кличний відмінок
"У сучасній розмовній російській мові власні імена і група імен загальних (наприклад: мама, папа), часто приймають спеціальну «скорочену» форму (мам, пап або навіть ма, па). Деякі лінгвісти розглядають її як кличний відмінок[13], що перебуває зараз на стадії розвитку. Водночас існують думки[14], що це звичайне просторіччя, якому не місце в літературній мові. Ця форма застосовується тільки до імен та іменників, що закінчуються на «а» або «я», й утворюється їх відкиданням:
Лен, где ты?
Саш, я здесь…
Юль, принеси мне, пожалуйста…."
"Цікавою фонетичною особливістю цих форм є те, що прикінцевий дзвінкий приголосний при цьому не оглушується: Федь! ([Фед'], а не [Фет']), Серёж! ([Сер'ож], а не [Сер'ош])."
"Також у просторіччі, як вокатив, можуть вживатися слова: сына, доча, деда."
-Джерело: https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кличний_відмінок#Російська.