Port Arthur town of Knights of Round Table

[in a process of writing and edit work]
17-18.06.2018.    Great Britian, UK, England, Nottinghamshire.



Port Arthur town of Knights of Round Table


King Arthur and Knights of Round Table evidences, where to find them, following by old English Legends and tales of historians?

King Arthur named as King of England, British King, British Royalty, making England Kingdom.

Some named King Arthur as a son of  Uthel Pendragon and a nephew of King Ambrosius Avrelicius, having his son Mordred from his half-sister Morgana, and having his next woman and a wife Guinevere, daughter of King Lodigra

 


The dates "from the Jesus birthday year" were with  Latin letter  J / j  / I  / i before the  year.
So,  5th century-7th century 'es dates  looked  as I587 (J587, i587, j587, J587),
Latin letter  I = 1 number,.
Later all dates had been  re-written with the change  J / j  / I  / i  on  "1" number, making  al dates for 1000 years older.   
Year J687 (j687, J687, I687, i687) as Year 687 from Jesus Birth started to be written as year  1687. 
Plenty paintings & old letters saved old writing years  as  j567, j687 , which  had been re-written later as years  1587,   1687  making  works from 6-7 centuries looking like works from 16-17 centuries.

So, to realizing this all issues, we may look for evidences of existence of KIng  Arthur from  items  5-6-7 centuries in items with dates from 15-16-17 centuries. 

We saw  Port Artur /Port Arthur town in 18 century.  Russians frighted  for Port  Artur  town in 18 century, plenty  Russians died here in bloody fight. 

Port Arthur /Port Artur /Порт Артур 18 century (for British Royal Prince)   On English, Port Arthur = "L;shunkou District " (L;shun Port/





Links

"1,300-year-old Latin, Greek and Christian inscriptions found on a windowsill at Tintagel Castle suggest 'the site of King Arthur's conception' had a multicultural community"
Mail Online, 15 июня 2018

Anno Domini    AD    BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini


L;shunkou District / Lushunkou District / Lyushunkou District in China
Also known as
L;shun Port /  Lushun Port /  Lyushun Port
Also known as
Port Arthur / Port Artur / Порт-Артур (on Russian) / Порт Артур (on Russian)
Also known as
Ryojun (from Japan)
See  Wikipedia articles

"Surrounded by ocean on three sides, this strategic seaport was originally known to the Chinese as L;shun (Lushin, Lyushin).

It took its English name,
Port Arthur,
from a Royal Navy Lieutenant named
William C. Arthur
who surveyed the harbor in the gunboat
HMS Algerine
in August 1860,
during the Second Opium War.
At that time L;shun was an unfortified fishing village." (Wikipedia)

"In the late 1880s, the German company Krupp was contracted by the Chinese government to build a series of fortifications around Port Arthur."
(Wikipedia)

...

"Port Arthur
first came into international prominence
during the
First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).

Following Japan's defeat of Chinese troops at
Pyongyang in Korea
in September 1894,
the Japanese First and Second Armies
converged on the Liaodong Peninsula by land and sea.

Japanese war planners, ambitious for control of the
Liaodong Peninsula and
Port Arthur and also cognizant of that port's
strategic position controlling the northern
Yellow Sea routes and the passage to
Tianjin, were determined to seize it.

Following only token resistance during the day and night of
November 20–21, 1894,
Japanese troops entered the city on the morning of November 21.

Several Western newspaper correspondents
present at the time related the
widespread
massacre of
Chinese inhabitants
of the city Port Arthur
by the victorious Japanese troops,
apparently in response to the murderous treatment the Chinese had shown Japanese prisoners of war at Pyongyang and elsewhere."    (Wikipedia)


"the correspondents was
James Creelman of the
New York World.

Though at least one American correspondent
present completely contradicted Creelman's account,
there is "little doubt" that the
Japanese troops "indiscriminately killed"
thousands of
Chinese soldiers and civilians,
and the story of a
Japanese massacre
soon spread among the Western public, damaging Japan's public image and the movement in the United States to renegotiate the unequal treaties between that country and Japan.

The event came to be known as
the Port Arthur massacre."    (Wikipedia)

["the garrison numbered approximately 20,000 soldiers, but from his estimation, it should have had between 30,000 and 40,000 men stationed there. as military plus civilians] [?]

and more, including Russian owed Port Arthur town in Chine for some time, a battle for Port Arthur town, see in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L;shunkou_District


From Wikipedia

"Japan went on to occupy
Port Arthur
and to seize control of the whole
Liaodong Peninsula as spoils of war. As part of the terms of the
1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki
concluding the war,
Japan was granted the
Liaodong Peninsula but had to cede back the territory when threatened jointly with
war by
France, Germany and Russia in what is called
the Triple Intervention of 1895.

This was seen as a great humiliation in Japan.

Two years later,
Russia
coerced a lease of the Liaodong from China
and gained
railroad right-of-way to join the
Liaodong Peninsula to the Chinese Eastern Railway with a line running
from
Port Arthur and nearby Dalny (Dalian)
to the Chinese city of
Harbin (see Kwantung Leased Territory),
and systematically began to fortify the town and harbor at
Port Arthur.

[Railway   
Port Arthur + Dalny (Dalian) 
to 
Harbin
as Russian building railway was]


This railway
from
Port Arthur to Harbin
became
a southern branch of the
Chinese Eastern Railway
(^not to be confused with the
South Manchurian Railway,
the name of a company that undertook its management during the later Japanese period after 1905).




Tsar Nicholas II
believed this acquisition of a Pacific port would
enhance Russian security,
and extend its economic influence.

Tsar Nicholas II
was also falsely informed that the
British were considering seizing the port.

All this was an additional goad to an already seething Japan. It was a hard lesson in international geopolitics Japan would not soon forget.



The Russian town of
Dalny (Dalien/Dalian) was undeveloped in this era
prior to 1898
when the
Russian Tsar Nicholas II
founded the town of Dalny (sometimes Dalney).

In 1902,
the Russian viceroy
de-emphasized
Dalny
(building
a palace
and cultural edifices
instead at Port Arthur),
except as a commercial port while continuing the development of manufacturing.



Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)


Ten years later
Port Arthur
again played a central role in war in the Far East.

It is fair to say that at its heart,
the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
was an extended battle for the possession of
Port Arthur
and the railway to it, the Southern Manchurian Railway.




After the Boxer Rebellion (1900–01)
had been extinguished by
an international coalition of troops,
Russia
refused to withdraw its reinforcements from Manchuria and instead began to fortify and garrison the entire route along the Southern Manchurian Railway.

With this development,
Japan
proposed the two powers meet and discuss their respective roles in eastern Manchuria,
as the area was considered a portion of their respective spheres of influence.

Talks were conducted between 1902 and 1904.

While numerous proposals and agreement papers were generated between the two powers,
Russia
continued the
de facto
annexation of territory through fortification and garrison,
if not
de jure
while employing stalling tactics in its negotiations.


In the end, with over two years of intensive bilateral negotiations having gotten nowhere in clarifying each country's rights, prerogatives, and interests in inner Manchuria,
Japan
declared war on Russia
in February 1904."          (from Wikipedia)





The Battle of Port Arthur


"The Battle of Port Arthur,
the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War,
was fought in the heavily fortified harbor of the town of
Port Arthur/L;shun [Lyushun, Lushun. Loushun]
on 9 February 1904
when the
Japanese attacked at night with torpedoes,
followed by a brief daylight skirmish by major surface combatants.

By the end of July 1904,
the Japanese army had pushed down the
Liaodong peninsula
and was at the outer defenses of
Port Arthur.

The fact that Japanese forces
had closed to within artillery range of the harbor
in early August 1904
led directly to the
naval Battle of the Yellow Sea
which solidified Japan's command of the sea,
where her fleets continued to blockade the harbor.

Virtually all the battles of
the war
until July 1904
were strategic battles for territorial gain or position leading to the investment and siege of the port city.

The port
Port Arthur
eventually fell 2 January 1905
after a long train of battles on land and sea during which the Japanese occupied the whole of the Korean Peninsula, split the Russian Army, devastated the Russian Fleet, and cut off the source of supplies on the railway from Harbin, culminating
in the bloody battle
known as
the Siege of Port Arthur

the Siege of
Port Arthur
(June 1904 – January 1905;
some sources place the siege start in late July, a technical difference due to definitions)."

(from Wikipedia)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L;shunkou_District


After World War II

"The Japanese-controlled
Ryojun City had 40 districts.

The Chinese
L;shun City
was established
on November 25, 1945
to replace Ryojun.


The city was a subdivision of a larger
L;da City and contained 40 villages in 3 districts.

...

On January 7, 1960,
L;shun City
was renamed
L;shunkou District,
still under
L;da. (L;da,  Lyuda, Luda,[Louda])



(from Wikipedia)
*************************

Lyuda
is a popular
Russian female name for
Ludmila,
Людмила,
with shortages this as short names
Люда, Мила, Милочка
Lyuda (Люда) ,
Louda, Luda, [L;da],
Mila (Мила).

******

mill [Мил] мельница (on Russian)

***

a Mill - Mila (Russian female short name). [milii, miliy, milij, milaya] (darling, pleasant, nice, dear words on Russian as милый, милая),
Russian word  "милёнок"  [milioniok, mil'onjok] = a darling, a lover,
with English word sounds "a mill", "mill". (as some traces of connections of communications between English males and Russian females and Russian males in the past, probably?

The Knight with a word, making move by this, looking as a mill, moving wings, making such man to look like a mill, to name him (if to be in a love) as  "a mill" The Mill"  "Mill"  "Milii"  (Mill-lien - Miliij, Miliiy, Milij, Miliy)

There we some hidden romantic love stories communications between Russians-English males and females, saving English word "Mill" for a love word for the traditional love language for all Russians.


Plenty British and American men and women never knew this as they never leaned Russian language to recognize some hidden English words in Russian language as traces of communications between English and Russians in the past.

But soon to lean, and you will surpized to find a love word милый, милая milii, milaya with English  "mill"  (a mill), and your imagination will opened suddenly to see a Knight, moving his Sword around him to protect himself in a battle against all enemies as a mill, The Mill.



We see a modern Great Britain and England to find this "Mill" and we see  "King's Mill  Hospital" in Mansfield and Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire, England.



The Knight of Mill, Miller, the owner of a mill here had been granted to be a Noble by King for a providing a safe shelter accommodation to The King, as a real historian records and a story of owners of a mill, where now a new building of King's Mill Hospital in Nottinghamshire.


This place had been used and American military, as a hospital, and as a prison for Italian prisoners of WWII, with a free unlocked rules to leave to mix with locals in the daily time.


The Mill with moving wing as a type of some Helicopter or  UFO (flying object).

In Russian modern language,
Russians
used the nickname
"The Round Plate" ?
"Round Plate"
for  UFO  (flying objects with a round shapes).

"Round Plate", "Round Table", "Ball", "The Ball", "Shar", "Sharoy"

(Ball/Shar  +  Royalty) = Sharoy

Russian The [[ze] [se] ]

The Royalty  as [ze royalti] [se royalti] to change to [seroy]
Sir [Ser]

[serii] [seriiy] = gray, grey

My fantasy had been opened to imagine some huge round flying object as UFO as a a round plate  or a round table or some ball with  Knights of  Round Table (UFO) as pilots or a military people.


UFO may fly, moving traces of some communication here and there and far away.

In this way of thinking,
this would be some secret hidden story of this from a past, saving

legends of King Arthur and Knights of Round Table
on English land
and
English word
"Mill" [мил] (The Mill, a mill   (мельница) )
in Russian love language in Russian words with [мил]:
"милый",
"милая",
"милёнок",
"миловаться",
"мил", "мила",

and as an juridical term words on Russian:
"помилована",
"помилован",
"помиловать"
(= to forgive to let to go free), juridical term.

a mix or rule of a power of a king to judge to kill or let to go free and a power of a love and attraction in a physical look and/or in character to be beloved too.


**************

The Famous Genius,
Russian Poet 
Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, a Russian Noble,
had wrote his famous
Russian Tale story as a poem
"Ruslan and Ludmila"
("Руслан и Людмила") 
(19 century poem tale)


Russian Noble Aleksandr Pushin had his free access to some secret archive Department as The Official of Secret Department on Russian Royalty Archives.

So, A. Pushin had read some plenty secret hidden archive papers and documents, hidden to know for open public.

Plenty investigators used to search his lines to find the hidden information as patterns.



Some saw links, for example, of his line about a special Well-Educated Tommy Cat, working near The Oak Tree around, not able to leave this place to a real geographic place Plato Deccan in India, places of Indian tribe kotti, kot (kot=cat, tommy cat = kot кот on Russian).

So, some things may be and for his poem tale "Ruslan and Ludmila"  (a short name of Russian female name Ludmila would be Luda, Lyuda, Mila.


Lyuda as a town named Port Artur (Port Artur) (Порт Артур)ю

Mila female short name for Lyudmila and Lyuda (Lyuda, Luda, Louda) a short name for Ludmila.

Mila, and English work a mill, mill - мельница.



In Russian tale in poem by Aleksandr Pushkin,
The Beauty  Ludmila  slept  as had been cached by evil  creature of some another human race, the powerful man   Kaschey (Cassey, Kaschey), whom had not a death and whom had flied and whom killed each easy.


The Powerful man as another powerful race Cassey or Kaschey had hidden his death inside his needle, his spine and this needle, the spine had been hidden inside some egg, this egg had been hidden inside some duck, this duck had been hidden inside some ... etc, etc, making a hard to find the resource of this death to kill Cassy or Kaschey.

And just the break of this needle or the spine inside some egg could stopped a life of Cassey (Kaschey) as this edn and his final death.


a needle, a  spine as some radio-antenna , aerial transmitter link, making the recovery and safety and recreations?

 

*********************


Continue already from Wikipedia:

"In 1981,
L;da was renamed Dalian, with L;shunkou remaining a constituent district. In 1985, 7 of L;shunkou's 9 townships were upgraded to towns.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L;shunkou_District

***
So,  the old town Port Arthur,

Port Arthur (Port Artur) also had been known as
"L;da" (Luda, Lyuda, Louda), Dalian

Dalian 
looked sounding as
Da Lion/ De Lion / The Lion/ Де Лев

Lion = Лев (on Russian)

The famous British Organization Lions.

But we read on Russian from Wikipdia
that this place where was Port Arthur after, named as Shiczikou , Шицзыкоу (букв. «Пасть льва»), The
"В годы существования монгольской империи Юань (1271—1368) город носил название
Шицзыкоу (букв. «Пасть льва»),
предположительно, по статуе, ныне находящейся в парке, примыкающей к военному порту.
"

Links

1.  On Russian, news
17 июня 2018
"Ученые удивились многонациональности рыцарей Круглого стола"
https://lenta.ru/news/2018/06/17/rizarikruglogo/
"Ученые из Великобритании выяснили, что состав рыцарей Круглого стола мог быть более многонациональным, чем считалось ранее. Об этом пишет Daily Mail.

К такому выводу историки пришли, изучив камень с высеченными на нем надписями и другие артефакты в замке Тингатель в Корнуолле, который связывают с легендой о короле Артуре.

На камне, который идентифицировали как подоконник замка, были обнаружены надписи возрастом 1300 лет, написанные на латыни и греческом языке, а также христианские символы. Там же были обнаружены турецкие чаши и стеклянные бокалы из Испании, которые относятся к тому же историческому периоду. Все это дает ученым основания полагать, что британцы того времени имели контакты со Средиземноморьем.

Легендарный король племени бриттов Артур, согласно преданию, жил в V—VI веках нашей эры. Самой известной является легенда о том, как король собрал в своем замке Камелоте рыцарей Круглого стола, число которых у разных авторов варьируется от 12 до более чем тысячи человек.

Замок Тинтагель в Корнуолле находится на юго-западе Англии и считается местом рождения короля Артура. Там был обнаружен так называемый «камень Артура», который считают единственным реальным подтверждением существования легендарного героя. Артефакт относится к VI веку."

and link to Daily Mail article :
Mail Online, 15 июня 2018

2. On English
Mail Online, 15 June 2018

"1,300-year-old Latin, Greek and Christian inscriptions found on a windowsill at Tintagel Castle suggest 'the site of King Arthur's conception' had a multicultural community"


3.1
Anno Domini    AD    BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini


4.1a  on Russian
Порт-Артур
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Порт-Артур
Из Википедии (from Wikipedia):

"Порт-Артур — бывший портовый город (незамерзающий порт, военно-морская база) в Китае на Жёлтом море, был расположен на юго-восточной оконечности Ляодунского полуострова — Квантунском полуострове (Квантунская область), под 38° 48’ северной широты и 121° 20’ восточной долготы.
В настоящее время на месте бывшего города расположен район Люйшунькоу города Далянь Китайской Народной Республики."

"Поселение на месте
Люйшунькоу, существовавшее со времен династии Цзинь (266—420) носило название
Машицзинь.

В период Тан (618—907) его переименовали в
Дуличжэнь.

В годы существования монгольской империи Юань (1271—1368) город носил название
Шицзыкоу (букв. «Пасть льва»),
предположительно, по статуе, ныне находящейся в парке, примыкающей к военному порту.

В эпоху империи Мин (;;, 1368—1644) поселение подчинялось управлению береговой обороны (кит. упр. ;;;;) Цзиньчжоуского вэя (кит. упр. ;;;), а на территории современного города размещались левый и центральный со этого вэя (кит. упр. ;;;;;). Тогда же появилось название «Люйшунь» — в 1371 г. будущий император Китая Чжу Ди, возглавлявший оборону северо-восточных границ, направил в эти места 2 посланников для ознакомления с местностью. Поскольку путь их был спокоен и удобен (люйту шуньли — кит. упр. ;;;;), то по приказу Чжу Ди эта местность была названа Люйшунькоу (букв. «бухта спокойного путешествия»)

Английское название Port Arthur это место получило в связи с тем, что в августе 1860 года в этой гавани чинился корабль английского лейтенанта Уильяма К. Артура (англ.)[1]. Существует также версия, что китайское местечко Люйшунь было переименовано англичанами в честь члена британской королевской семьи Артура Коннаутского[2] во времена Второй Опиумной войны. Это английское название позже было принято в России и в других европейских странах.

Строительство военно-морской базы в стратегически важном заливе Люйшунь было начато китайским правительством по настоянию Бэйян дачэнь Ли Хунчжана, в 1880-е годы. Уже в 1884 г. для охраны побережья от возможных высадок французского десанта в городе был размещен отряд китайских войск, а командир стоявшего в бухте китайского военного корабля «Вэйюань» Фан Боцянь выстроил одну из первых земляных береговых батарей крепости силами своего экипажа. Батарея получила название «Вэйюань паотай» (букв. «форт Вэйюань»).

В промежутке между 1884 и 1889 годами Люйшунь стал одной из баз Бэйянского флота империи Цин. Работами руководил немецкий майор Константин фон Ганнекен. В Люйшуне размещались основные ремонтные мощности Бэйянского флота — 400-футовый (120 м) док для ремонта броненосцев и крейсеров, и малый док для ремонта миноносцев. Дноуглубительные работы, проведенные в бухте, позволили довести глубину внутреннего рейда и входа в бухту до 20 футов (6.1 м).

21 ноября 1894 года в ходе первой японско-китайской войны Люйшунь пал, вследствие полного развала системы обороны и дезертирства командующего обороной генерала Цзян Гуйти, а также запрета Бэйянскому флоту со стороны правительства и лично Ли Хунчжана дать решающий бой японскому флоту на внешнем рейде Люйшуня. Остатки гарнизона под командованием генерала Сюй Бандао прорвались и соединились с основными силами главнокомандующего китайскими войсками в Маньчжурии генерала Сун Цина. Люйшунь заняла Япония, захватившая в крепости огромные трофеи. Японские войска устроили в Люйшуне беспощадную 4-дневную резню под предлогом того, что в городе были обнаружены останки пленных японских солдат, захваченных войсками Сюй Бандао во время вылазки. По китайским оценкам, погибло около 20 тысяч мирных жителей, независимо от пола и возраста. Из всего населения города, по словам Фредерика Вильерса, оставили только 36 человек, которые должны были захоронить трупы погибших. На их шапках по приказу японского командования было написано: «Этих не убивать». Сбор тел продолжался в течение месяца, после чего по приказу японцев огромную гору тел облили маслом и подожгли, поддерживая огонь в течение 10 дней. Пепел и обгоревшие кости были захоронены у подножия горы Байюйшань в 4 больших гробах с восточной стороны горы. В настоящее время это место известно под названием «Могила 10000 сохранивших верность». В 1895 году по Симоносекскому договору Порт Артур перешел к Японии, но из-за сильного давления со стороны России, Германии и Франции (Тройственная интервенция) Япония вскоре была вынуждена вернуть залив Китаю.

4.1b  on Russian
Оборона Порт-Артура
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Оборона_Порт-Артура
Даты: с 17 июля 1904 (30 июля 1904) по 23 декабря 1904 (5 января 1905)
Место: Ляодунский полуостров, Порт-Артур
Итог: Победа японской армии


4.2a  On English
"L;da"
"L;shunkou District" (also known as Port Arthur, Port Artur, Порт-Артур)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L;shunkou_District
L;shunkou District / Lushunkou District / Lyushunkou District in China
also known as
L;shun Port /  Lushun Port /  Lyushun Port
also known as
Port Arthur / Port Artur / Порт-Артур (on Russian) / Порт Артур (on Russian)
also known as
Ryojun (from Japan)
also known as
"L;da" (Luda, Lyuda, Louda), Dalian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L;shunkou_District

4.2b on English
"Siege of Port Arthur"
Date August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905
(5 months and 1 day)
Location Modern L;shunkou District, China
Result Japanese victory

from Wikipedia

"The Siege of Port Arthur
(Japanese: Ryojun K;isen;
Russian: Оборона Порт-Артура, Oborona Port-Artura),
(August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905),
the deep-water port and Russian naval base at the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, was the longest and most violent land battle of the Russo-Japanese War.

Port Arthur was widely regarded as one of the most strongly fortified positions in the world at the time.

However, during the First Sino-Japanese War,
General Nogi Maresuke
had taken the city from the forces of Qing China in only a few days.
The ease of his victory during that previous conflict, and overconfidence by the Japanese General Staff in Japan's ability to overcome improved fortifications made by the Russians, led to a much longer campaign, with much heavier losses than expected.

The Siege of Port Arthur
saw the introduction of much technology
used in subsequent wars of the 20th century (particularly in World War I)
including
massive 28 cm howitzers capable of hurling 217-kilogram (478-pound) shells over 8 kilometers (5.0 miles),
as well as
rapid-firing light howitzers,
Maxim machine guns,
bolt-action magazine rifles,
barbed wire entanglements,
electric fences,
arc lamp searchlights,
tactical radio signalling
(and, in response, the first military use of radio jamming),
hand grenades,
extensive trench warfare,
and the use of modified naval mines as land weapons." (from Wikipedia)

"The Russian forces
manning the defenses of Port Arthur
under
Major-General Baron Anatoly Stoessel
consisted of almost 50,000 men and 506 guns
(including the crews of the Russian warships in port).
He also had the option of removing the guns from the fleet to bolster the land defenses.

The total population of
Port Arthur
at the time [August 1, 1904 ]
was
around 87,000,
which meant that a very high proportion of the population
were combatants."       (from Wikipedia)

"The outer defense perimeter of Port Arthur
consisted of
a line of hills, including
Hsiaokushan and Takushan near the Ta-ho River in the east, and
Namakoyama, Akasakayama,
174-Meter Hill, 203-Meter Hill and
False Hill in the west.

All of these hills were heavily fortified.

Approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.93 miles) behind this defensive line was the original stone Chinese wall, which encircled the Old Town of Lushun from the south to the Lun-ho River at the northwest.

The Russians
had continued the line of the Chinese wall
to the west and south, enclosing the approaches to the harbor and
the New Town of Port Arthur
with concrete forts, machine gun emplacements, and connecting trenches.

General
Stoessel
withdrew to Port Arthur
on July 30, 1904.

Facing the Russians was
the Japanese Third Army,
about 150,000 strong, backed by 474 artillery guns, under the command of
General Baron
Nogi Maresuke."     (from Wikipedia)


The battles



"Battle of the Orphan Hills

(600-foot (180 m) high Takushan (Big Orphan Hill)
and
the smaller Hsuaokushan (Little Orphan Hill,
Ta River).

Gaining these two hills cost the Japanese 1,280 killed and wounded.

The loss of the two hills."



"Battle of 174 Meter Hill

(the Wolf Hills, 174 Meter Hill)
The Russian defensive positions on 174 Meter Hill itself were held by the 5th and 13th East Siberian Regiments, reinforced by sailors, under the command of Colonel Tretyakov, a veteran of the Battle of Nanshan.

With more than half of his men killed or wounded and with his command disintegrating as small groups of men fell back in confusion, Tretyakov had no choice but to withdraw, and 174 Meter Hill was thus overrun by the Japanese. The assault on 174 Meter Hill alone had cost the Japanese some 1,800 killed and wounded and the Russians over 1,000.

The assaults on the other sections of the Russian line had also cost the Japanese heavily, but with no results and no ground gained.

When Nogi finally called off his attempt to penetrate the Wantai Ravine on August 24, 1904, he had only 174 Meter Hill and the West and East Pan-lung to show for
his loss of more than 16,000 men.

With all other positions remaining firmly under Russian control, Nogi at last decided to abandon frontal assaults in favor of a protracted siege.

On August 25, 1904, the day after Nogi’s last assault had failed, Marshal Oyama Iwao engaged the Russians under General Aleksey Kuropatkin at the Battle of Liaoyang."


The siege

"Nogi had also been reinforced by additional artillery and 16,000 more troops from Japan, which partially compensated for the casualties sustained in his first assaults.

While the Japanese set to work in the sapping campaign,

General Stoessel continued to spend most of his time writing complaining letters to the Tsar about lack of cooperation from his fellow officers in the navy.

The garrison in Port Arthur was starting to experience serious outbreaks of scurvy and dysentery due to the lack of fresh food.

Nogi nor Stoessel seem to have realized the strategic importance of
203 Meter Hill: 
the hill was the key to the whole Russian defense.

Mid-September 1905, 
General Nogi abandoned the attempt,
he had lost over 3500 men.

Nogi attempted yet another mass "human wave" assault on 203 Meter Hill
on October 29, 1904, which, leaving Nogi with the
deaths of an additional 124 officers and 3611 soldiers.

Nogi received additional reinforcements from Japan."
(from Wikipedia)


Battle of 203 Meter Hill

"The highest elevation within Port Arthur, designated "203 Meter Hill", overlooked the harbor. The "203-Meter Hill" consists of two peaks (203 meters and 210 meters high, and 140 meters apart) connected by a sharp ridge. " " It was also connected to the neighboring strongholds on False Hill and Akasakayama by trenches."

"The Russian defenders were commanded by Colonel Tretyakov".

"Japanese General Kodama visited General Nogi", having the Japonese loss of September 22 for over 2500 casualties, a Japonise loss of October for 124 officers and 3611 men.

"Japanese casualties in November 1905 year were officially 4,000 men, but unofficially perhaps twice as high."

Russian General
Roman Kondratenko
took the precaution of stationing snipers to shoot any of his front line troops attempting to abandon their positions.

1905 year,

"At 08:30 on November 28, with massive artillery support, Japanese troops again attempted an assault up the sides of both Akasakayama and 203 Meter Hill.

Over a thousand 500 lb (230 kg) shells from the 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers were fired in a single day to support this attack.

The Japanese reached as far as the Russian line of barbed wire entanglements by daybreak and held their ground throughout the following day, November 29, while their artillery kept the defenders busy by a continuous bombardment.

On November 30, a small party of Japanese succeeded in planting the Japanese flag at the summit of the hill, but by the morning of December 1, the Russians had successfully counterattacked.

Kodama assumed temporary command of the Japanese front-line forces, but officially maintained the despondent Nogi in nominal command.

The battle continued throughout the following days with very heavy hand-to-hand combat with control of the summitt changing hands several times.

Finally, at 10:30 on December 5, following another massive artillery bombardment during which Russian Colonel Tretyakov was severely wounded, the Japanese managed to overrun 203 Meter Hill.

The Russians launched two counter-attacks to retake the hill, both of which failed, and by 17:00, 203 Meter Hill was securely under Japanese control.

For Japan, the cost of capturing this landmark was great,
with over 8,000 dead and wounded in the final assault alone,
including most of the IJA 7th Division.

For Nogi, the cost of capturing 203 Meter Hill was that his last surviving son had been killed in action during the final assault on the hill.

The Russians, who had no more than 1,500 men on the hill at any one time,
lost over 6,000 killed and wounded."

(from Wikipedia)



Destruction of the Russian Pacific Fleet

"From the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor, Nogi could now bombard the Russian fleet by relocating his heavy 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers with 500 pound (~220 kg) armor-piercing shells on the summit. This done, he systematically started to sink the Russian ships within range.

On December 5, 1904,
the battleship Poltava
was destroyed, followed by

the battleship Retvizan
on December 7, 1904,

the battleship Pobeda and
the battleship Peresvet and
the cruiser Pallada and
the cruiser Bayan
on December 9, 1904.

The battleship Sevastopol,
although hit 5 times by 11-inch (280 mm) shells,
managed to move out of range of the guns.

The Sevastopol was still afloat, having survived 124 torpedoes fired at her
while sinking two Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels.

The Japanese
had meanwhile lost the cruiser Takasago to a mine outside the harbor.

On the night of January 2, 1905,
after Port Arthur surrendered,

Captain Nikolai Essen
of the Sevastopol
had the crippled battleship scuttled in 30 fathoms (55 m) of water
by opening the sea cocks on one side,
so that the ship would sink on its side
and could not be raised and salvaged by the Japanese."   

(from Wikipedia)


The surrender

"With the death of General Kondratenko on December 15, 1904, at Fort Chikuan,
Stoessel appointed the incompetent Foch in his place.

On December 18, 1904,
the Japanese exploded an 1,800-kilogram (3,968-pound) mine under
Fort Chikuan,
which fell that night.

On December 28, 1904,
mines under
Fort Erhlung
were detonated, destroying that fort as well.

On December 31, 1904,
a series of mines were exploded under
Fort Sungshu,
the sole surviving major fortress, which surrendered that day.

On January 1, 1905,
Wantai
finally fell to the Japanese.

On the same day,
Stoessel and Foch
sent a message to a surprised General Nogi,
offering to surrender.

None of the other senior Russian staff had been consulted, and
notably
Smirnov and Tretyakov
were outraged.

The surrender was accepted and signed
on January 5, 1905,
in the northern suburb of Shuishiying.

With this, the Russian garrison was taken into captivity,
and civilians were allowed to leave,
but the Russian officers were given the choice of
either going into prisoner-of-war camps with their men
or being given parole on the promise of taking no further part in the war.

The Japanese
were astounded to find that
a huge store of food and ammunition
remained in Port Arthur,
which implied that
Stoessel
had surrendered long before the fight was over.

Stoessel, Foch and Smirnov
were court-martialed
on their return to St Petersburg.

As for Nogi, after leaving a garrison in Port Arthur, he led the surviving bulk of his army of 120,000 men north to join Marshal Oyama at the Battle of Mukden."

(from Wikipedia)


Losses


Russian losses

"Russian land forces in the course of the siege suffered
31,306 casualties,
of whom
at least 6,000 were killed.

Lower figures such as
15,000 killed, wounded, and missing are sometimes claimed.

At the end of the siege,
the Japanese captured
a further
878 army officers and
23,491 other ranks;
15,000 of those captured were wounded.

The Japanese also captured
546 guns and
82,000 artillery shells.

In addition
the Russians lost their
entire fleet based at Port Arthur,
which was either sunk or interned.

The Japanese captured 8,956 seamen.



Japanese losses

The Japanese army casualties
were later officially listed as
57,780 casualties (killed, wounded and missing),
of whom
14,000 were killed.

In addition
33,769 became sick during the siege
(including
21,023 with beriberi).

The Japanese navy
lost 16 ships in the course of the siege,
including two battleships and four cruisers.

There were higher estimates of
Japanese army casualties
at the time such as
94,000 -110,000 killed, wounded, and missing,
though these were written without access
to the Japanese Medical History of the War."

(from Wikipedia)

Aftermath

2004 Russian stamp "100th anniversary of the heroic defence of Port Arthur" showing the military decoration, the Port Arthur Cross

The capture of Port Arthur and the subsequent Japanese victories at the Battle of Mukden and Tsushima gave Japan a dominant military position, resulting in favorable arbitration by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the war.

The loss of the war in 1905 led to major political unrest in Imperial Russia (see: Russian revolution of 1905).

Resource: Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur

The final end.

Later,

The Port Arthur returned back to be a part of China land as Chineese
L;da" (Luda, Lyuda, Louda), Dalian

as L;shunkou District / Lushunkou District / Lyushunkou District in China
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L;shunkou_District
Also known as
L;shun Port /  Lushun Port /  Lyushun Port
Also known as
Port Arthur / Port Artur / Порт-Артур (on Russian) / Порт Артур (on Russian)
Also known as
Ryojun (from Japan)


So, plenty died wounded soldiers from two side of a war conflict
as the final result, plenty died men from all sides of this conflict 1904-1905 year.

Russians had a loss of the trust to their power and highest social class ability, which moved Russians to Revolution 190, Revolution 1917, and the end of  Russian  Empair and all social classes, plenty people had been killed after already in Russian land via Revolutions, with a losses of lives and properties.

***

But this old conflict had some hidden stories and facts and secrets.

There were not  plenty poems about this as patriotic poem to up, as usual style of any war, and just one poem had been known.

(Please, compare to poems of WWII times and poems during Port Arthur battles).

May be, some Russian felt as wrong to attack other lands of another country? As Jesus Christis asked never to take other people property in own pocket?


But it was some more hidden secrets and some secret information.

The fight  for  a town named as Port Arthur in a name of some British man? a Noble British man? British?   English-speaking man from far away country?


Russian town Ekaterenburg, Peterburg were on names of Russian Royalty,  - Russian Tsarina Ekaterina II, Russian Tsar Peter The Great, people, whom ruled as a main power.



Look, this is a great misery, mistic story to see to find a huge loss of  Russian military Army and Navy staff as a fight  for  whom, really?   For a town of Arthur?  Port Arthur town? named to honor  some ENGLISH-SPEAKING MAN FROM ENGLAND?  British man?


Military people, The Artmy, The Fleet, they fight  always for their own state, country, for their own TOP POLITICIANS IN POLITICAL POWER.


This fight of Russian military men and Russian navy men for a town Port Arthur as for their own town with name of their own country and state, had oppened a hidden secret of some hidden history about some state and a country where  Arthur  was a name of the Top Politician, ruled as Royal.

This mark and sign of some hidden fact when Russian and English speakers were being citizens of some huge Empair with their KIng Arthur or  Emparator Arthur.


So, British people saved this fact in British legends about  King Arthur, while no evedences of his grave, graves of his closed families, relatives, half-sisters, kids, nephews, castles of ruins of castles, no evedences of his decendents or decendents of his closed relatives till present time.


Plenty people listend legends of King Arthur, Wizard Merlin, Knights of Round Table, Caliburn, sword, Excaliburn, Guienevere, his wife. his son Mordred from Morgana, his half-sister.

The island England is not a huge place ot be able to search it to find ruins of castles or castles, Christian cemetery, graves.

Plenty locals lived in some places for centuries, making graves locally in their local cemeteries near churches and inside churches for Nobles, riches, and priests.

All graves  now searched to make DNA genetic testing, this common for all.


It would be suprising to find  a loss of memory of a place of  grave of a famous King Arthur as King on England and King of British tribes and a loss of location of graves of all his relatives too.




We may easy find Roman Empair buildings, colones in island England for a time more deep in the past, saving, known locations. And ... no information for King Arthur and his relatives graves in British people memory or legend stories?


But may  be this a point that KIng Arthur was a real man living in some another land far away from island England?  so, his grave and his relatives graves were being not in island England?



We all know, for example,  legends  of  Chingis  Khan,  as he worried to hide his grave from others.

By  legends of historicans, Chingis Khan ruled Russians, Slavs during 300 years.

Russian genetic study had not finded traces of this mystic rules of Mongolians in local Russian genes of Russian men and Russian women.

Russian men had their YDNA   as R1.... not as Mongolian YDNA types, shown no evedences in genetic tracing for any "Mongolian Power Invasian of Russia during 300 years".


Look, any men had a sex with some women, more riches powerfull and ... no evedences of sex Mongolian men with local Slavonic women during 300 years, while all Historician drew pictures of men on horses, a wild men, liking food, women, money, fightings.

300 years of such powerful rule and no any kids? no boys? no girls? no children? no condoms? and so, no sex of men in a wild character, on horses?



If some army came in your country, with plenty men, they defenetly would had a sex with some local females, living their kids from them.


But if they teached you this, and genetic study show clearly NO EVEDENCES of any genetic traces of presence of "some men   coming abroad in a huge amount in the past", you see, some one lied and lie to you, saying "the local history facts and events" as "the local official stories" and "the history".


Your conclusions may be that

1.  or the official history lied saying a lie to you and all, hidding the real history facts

1A. But if so, a curiosity to find a real history facts and events? to know the truth as this was all?

2. or the official history saved the real history facts but for people whom had lived here before you and dissapired suddenly all in one day, nobody left, to make the genetic traces in DNA to prove their old real history.

2A.  But if this would be a truth, a question what was with all locals to disspare suddenly all?

2B. But if so, a question about whom are living here now as "locals", "true-locals" as their origine places for their ancestries and resons to leave to come to other lands?

3. The question of a mass loss of a memory about ancestors, origins, would be here too.

4. and needs of genetic studies to see a real genetic biological links and events, to know the real history.

5. To be an adult, to be able to know the truth.

6.  To a small child to live, knowing what your parents and teachers said to you as "appropriate to your age group to know".





Plenty people grew enough to find the lie of official doctrina and history.


For example, the excavation of old building of 15-19 centuries had oppened the hidden secret of hidden  ground floor and first floor levels in buildings which underground,
as underground areas, covered by some mess or a river soil mud.


This fact openned the Great Flood and The Flood events in the past, when a water lever with soil mess came, covering  all ground and first floors   in buildings, churches, castles, houses.


So, some building with underground small windows look were more highest, and underground modern areas were ground and first or second floors here.


Russia had plenty photoes and video  to show  (youtube channels)   for Russian towns  Peterburg, Moscow, Omsk, Saratov, ...


The analises of cemetries and rebuilding the front doors areas in churches put the information of the change of orientation  North-South, East-West, as old graves had been orientated in a specific way to the East (The Sun came from The East).


People filmed cemeteries with changes of orientation of graves and the changing of location of a front doors areas in churches too, as a fact of changes location of "The East" as "The place of Sun came as sunset".


There  two facts had shown
1. the fact of change of the location of The East Polus orientation.
2. the fact of huge "The Great Flood", "The Flood" evidences, covering grounds, first and second floors levels in building, as old building and churches  of 15-16-and 19 centuries too, as a final result following to a modern time.


This means nobody survived if this came suddenly as The Gigantic Wave or The Wave.

This scenario as a flood with pelnty died people suddenly and covered land and buildings by a river and other soil to stay as underground areas.



In this scenario, new people coming to live, saw empty buildings and towns, to occupate empty accomodations.

if some things had been left, they were theirs as their new property.


If people came to occupate other people property, as died or missed owners properties, they disliked this to mention to say to pass for others to know, as a fear of some newcoming survivors, saying this

-  "This is mine!  My father (uncle, grandfather, mother, grandparents, my husbad) owed this!"


So, first they do, they shout as they are locals, they are a true-locals, as their relatives and ancestors had loved in this land, this village for 600 years! 500 years! and much more long time!!







For example,  one local woman 28-38, some as her mother had shouted me this, as their ancestors had lived in particular "this small British village for 600 years and more as a true-locals! on theor true-local land!


Unfortunity for them both,  I had  a great curiosity  to find the information as a geological, historical facts.

I knew as nobody had left alive here in particular this place  during  Middle Age time of Black  Death  by local historical records and facts, -  no one!   

Each local  (a man, a women, a child, a monk, a rich, a poor)  had been died "from The Black Death", viziting locals and their local villages.


No one had been left as a survivors by records, no one.


So, these two "true-born in UK local British females" had lied me defenetly, their ancestors  lived locally over 600 years as locals.


Not, they were not.  Nobody survived alive here in Middle age time, The Black death had finded each local to visit.


And so, a question, a so, a question, as a logic question to know to ask:

from what places and areas were  all others as new coming crowds of new-locals?



For example, the official history of England is keeping records of Rome Empair presence in Enland island as  Rome Legion males.


So,  a huge amount of military soldiers and officiers of Rome Legion would left plenty true-local kids with a mix genes of locals and males of Roman Empair and Roman Legioneers and plenty Chritian Priests, whom were Italians males.


But when we see plenty look of British women and men, they did not look "Italian genes mixed".


Scottish  men  tried to joke on "true-British" to show a naked bottom to them, as a silly stupid joke about a possible way of a sexual use of true-born British by Rome Legioneers soldiers men (as homosexual  gays sex ways of a sex,  what way was apopular in Rome Empair time for males between them).

But the study of Rome Legioneers showns as plenty kings of tribes around gave their sons to serve as foreigners  in Rome Legioners  (as a true born Rome Empair Citizens were lazy to serve as soldiers themselves).

And so, habits of Rome Empair Citizens as a homosexual habits were nothing to spread to their servants and their military servants as people from other Ethnic and tribes.

But,  British genetic pool would mixed with genes of Rome Empair and Rome Legioners too.

Rome Empair covered  a huge area  - Europe, France, Germany, Poland, ..., England, Egypt, Israel modern land, ... and so, Rome Legioners had been an international mix of this all men, males, plus traders, which were Jewish, probably.


I hope all data of locals DNA will be more open for studies (without names or with surname,s on a choice of people themselves).

This way to open a real history to see. we are adults to see a real history of real events.


The genetic study may prove the oficial history, or to add missed facts and links or to re-write to the official real history for adults to know things.


I know and saw a modern way as scientists took DNA samples from graves to study to know a real DNA or a real locals living before us in different places.

The huge collections of DNA popuations making links to see ways of migrations in the past.

The Old Kingdom collapsed or something and people moved.



The evedences of Great Flood and the turn of Poluses location  had been known to see these facts.


This means some survivors of family, tribes, old Ethnic groups, old countries might spreaded to live  where they were  on a final surving days, not returned back as probably no ways was.



British people, talking on English language may open  they look and their genes closed to Slavonic Russian genes look from Siberia or Ukraine, for example.


Look, if a Gigantic waves came, plenty died,  some survived as their personnel chance, and if in a boat, they leaved this were they find the land, a coast, a soil to leave.


People of one family might lived far far far away,  some started be Russians, some English or Scots or Europeans.


I am Russian Ethnic, birth in Russia, my ancestry from Siberia, and from Denisova cave in Altai Mountants too, and Tibet and Pamir and Alpes Mountants and mountants in Tadzhikistan.

Some of my ancestors were being Neadertals from Denisova case in Siberia, some Neaderthals from Horvatia cave in Europe (I have 3.8% DNA of Neaderthals of Horvatia cave in Europe),  some Denisova race from Denisova cave in Altai Mountants in Siberia in Russia,  some from Malta old village near Baikal lake in Russia.

Some humans as a genetic mix of Neaderthals and Homosapiences, Neaderthals and Debisova race and Homo Sapiences.


Some from a village near Cambridge, 6 people, a family, living here 2,300-1,300 years back in time, near Cambridge in England.

Some in Scotland, Ireland.

Some Hungarian, some Brazilians.

By geological maps of the past, climate zones, soils, the look had changed plenty times.

There were a warm zone in a modern Sibiria, plenty humans lived here, plenty animals and plants too.

A climate changes, The Ice Age, and time of melted Ice, making sea of a fresh water, and mudy places.

People moved all times to survive for their best, mixed, moved, and again. The way of a life. We all mixed, so.


So, old legends about  King Arthus  may be a true folklor stories, saving for us from the past.



Arthur as Artur

English "a" article, a map, a tour

a tour   -  A'r'tour - Artur - Arthur

a traveler, a tour, Arthur.



Or

Turkmenia and Turkey country with Turks.

A Turk   -- A Tur A Turk - Arthur

Ar  - a half or a circle

a Rainbow look as "Ar",  Ar-Ra

[Ara] = old people used hourses to make their family trips in a wagon (a cart, a wagon, a carriage) on a power of horses.

Old Gypsy people travelled by such way, in their tabor style,
first American migrants to America traveled by such way,
Circus Artists traveled by such ways,
Nobles travelled by such ways,
Priests travelled by such way,
middle class people traveled by such way,
farmers used such way, too, in the past.
Plenty travelers make a caravan or camp style look.



If to see the name Arthur, this male name near sounding to Tur, Turk.

The Tura River is.

Rivers Tura, Kura.

The old Kingdom was between rivers  Kura  and  Tura.


Kur? = Where?
Tur   =  here! there are!

On Russian,
Тур = (on English):
1.tour, trip, touring   (экскурсия, поездка, турне)
2. round, lap  (раунд, круг)
3. aurochs  (зубр)
4. stage


as the wild animal with two horns.


Turkmenistan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan

From Wikipedia

Turkmenistan (Turkmenia)

"Turkmenistan (Turkmenia)
is a sovereign state in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. The population of the country is 5.6 million, the lowest of the Central Asian republics.



Turkmenistan has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries.

In medieval times,
Merv  (!, a town  Merv !)
was one of the great cities of the Islamic world
and an important stop on the Silk Road,

a caravan route used for trade with China until the mid-15th century.


[[[ See!!! 
Mervin (!) as
Wizard Mervin
and the ancient town
Merv (!)
in Turkmenistan, Turkmenia
linked as the connection!]]]

[[[ Arthur, Artur
and
turk, tur,
Turkmenia,
Turkey
might be they all were  linked too!!! ]]]

Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia.

In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Turkmenistan possesses the world's sixth largest reserves of natural gas resources.

Most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.

Since 1993, citizens have been receiving government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge"


"Etymology
The name of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: T;rkmenistan) can be divided into two components: the ethnonym T;rkmen and the Persian suffix -stan meaning "place of" or "country". The name "Turkmen" comes from Turk, plus the Sogdian suffix -men, meaning "almost Turk", in reference to their status outside the Turkic dynastic mythological system.[13] However, some scholars argue the suffix is an intensifier, changing the meaning of T;rkmen to "pure Turks" or "the Turkish Turks."[14]

Muslim chroniclers like Ibn Kathir suggested that
the etymology of Turkmenistan
came from the words T;rk (Turk) and Iman (Arabic: "faith, belief")
in reference to a massive conversion to Islam of two hundred thousand households in the year 971."

from Wikipedia
Resource:
Turkmenistan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan

History of Turkmenistan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan

From Wikipedia

"Ancient history
Scant remains point to early human settlements east of the Caspian Sea, possibly including Neanderthals, although the archaeology of the region as a whole is underresearched.[1]

Bronze Age and Iron Age finds support the probability of advanced civilizations in the area including finds associated with a society known to scholars as the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) – near the modern cities of Mary (previously Merv), Djeitun and Gonur Tepe.[2][3]

By 2000 BCE, Indo-European peoples had settled throughout the region. Most of the present-day Turkmenistan was occupied by BMAC-related societies and the Dahae (also known as the Daae, Dah;, Daoi and similar names) – a tribal confederation located immediately east of the Caspian. The Massagetae and Scythians were also present, immediately north of BMAC and the Dahae.




The Persian Empire around 500 BC



Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century BC on his way to South Asia. In 330 BC, Alexander marched northward into Central Asia and founded the city of Alexandria near the Murgab River. Located on an important trade route, Alexandria later became the city of Merv. The ruins of Alexander's ancient city are still to be found and have been extensively researched. After Alexander's death his empire quickly fell apart. It was ruled by Seleucids before the satrap of Parthia declared independence. The Parthians – fierce, nomadic warriors from the north of Iran – then established the kingdom of Parthia, which covered present-day Turkmenistan and Iran. The Parthian kings ruled their domain from the city of Nisa – an area now located near the modern-day capital of Ashgabat – founded by Arsaces I (reigned c. 250–211 BC), and was reputedly the royal necropolis of the Parthian kings, although it has neither been established that the fortress at Nisa was a royal residence nor a mausoleum.

Excavations at Nisa have revealed substantial buildings, mausoleums and shrines, many inscribed documents, and a looted treasury. Many Hellenistic art works have been uncovered, as well as a large number of ivory rhytons, the outer rims decorated with Iranian subjects or classical mythological scenes.



The ten tribe Proto-Turkic tribal confederation


The Parthian Kingdom succumbed in 224 AD to the Sasanids – rulers of Iran. At the same time, several tribal groups—including in the Huns of Kushan controlled Balkan Province in 91 AD according to Tacitus and later the Alans according to Chinese records —were moving into Turkmenistan from the east and north. Although Ancient Persian traditions always mentioned the Turanian control of the area, these records provided the first independently corroborated evidence of nomadic Non-Iranian peoples into the area of Turkmenistan.

By the early 4th century AD, a Kushan noble from the Balkan province called Malkar of Khi, had become leader of the Huns settled there. In alliance with Dulo the Alan king on the Volga Delta, Malkar went on to forge ten tribes into the first proto-Turkic tribal confederation. The Dulo clan's first proto-Turkic Empire spread its influence as far east as the sub-continent under the Kitolo and as far west as Central Europe under Attila's Dulo. Wresting control of southern Turkmenistan from the Sasanian Empire in the 5th century AD, Malkar's "Dulo" Confederation of Ten Tribes caused a migration of Khurasanis into Dagestan as the Caucasian Avars.

As a result of this backfire, the Sabirs settled there were forced to attack the Alan strongholds of the Dulo Ten Tribe Confederation in the Kuban steppe. To strengthen their position, Malkar's Confederation of Ten Tribes now under the leadership of Ernakh entered into an alliance with Byzantium at Phanagoria
in the 460s AD.


However,
in the 550s AD,
the Caucasian Avars pushed further conquering Phanagoria and forcing Sarosios of the Alans to petition Byzantium for land. Within a few years, Dulo's Ten Tribe Confederation in Balkan Province allied themselves to the Ashinas forming the Western part of the Gokturk Empire and were able to snatch Phanagoria back from the Avars renaming the Sabirs as Khazars under the rule of Kaghan Kazarig.


By exposing the Avars' close ties to Persia, once again the Ten Tribes of the Dulo entered into alliance with Byzantium.

However, the Dulo clans Ten Tribes soon seceded from the Gokturks to become the Western Turkic Kaghanate which thrived
until 630s.


They appointed Dulo Kaghan Kubrat to establish the short-lived state of Old Great Bolgary disintegrating upon his death with the majority migrated west where they carried out
the first
Hungarian conquest
in 677 under Kotrag who also went up the volga to establish Bolgary, and Batbayan's Balkars who settled down with the Circassians north of the Caucasus.

The Kara-khazars in the Balkan Province eventually revolted against the Aq-Khazars to establish the Yabghu Oghuz State of the Kara dynasty which produced the Seljuks who thrived until their dynasty was taken over by Temujin.

At this time much of the population was already in settlements around the fertile river valleys along the Amu Darya,
and

Merv and Nisa
became centers of sericulture (the raising of silkworms).

A busy caravan route, connecting Tang Dynasty China and the city of Baghdad (in modern Iraq), passed through
Merv.

Thus, the city of Merv constituted an important prize for any conqueror.




Arab invasion and Islamization

Central Asia came under Arab control after a series of invasions
in the late 7th and early 8th centuries
and was incorporated into Islamic Caliphate divided between provinces of Mawara'un Nahr and Khorasan.

The Arab conquest brought Islamic religion to all of the peoples of central Asia.

The city of Merv was occupied by lieutenants of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, and was constituted as the capital of Khorasan. Using this city as their base, the Arabs, led by Qutayba ibn Muslim, brought under subjection Balkh, Bokhara, Fergana and Kashgaria, and penetrated into China as far as the province of Kan-suh
early in the 8th century.

Merv achieved some political spotlight
in February 748
when Abu Muslim (d. 750) declared a new
Abbasid dynasty
at Merv,
and set out from the city to conquer Iran and Iraq and establish a new capital at
Baghdad.
Abu Muslim was famously challenged by the
Goldsmith of Merv
to do the right thing and not make war on fellow Muslims.
The Goldsmith was put to death.

In the latter part of
the 8th century
Merv
became obnoxious to Islam as the centre of heretical propaganda preached by al-Muqanna "The Veiled Prophet of Khorasan". Present Turkmenistan was ruled by Tahirids between 821 and 873. In 873 Arab rule in Central Asia came to an end after Saffarid conquest.

During their dominion
Merv, like Samarkand and Bokhara,
was one of the great schools of learning,
and the celebrated historian
Yaqut
studied in its libraries.

Merv produced a number of scholars in various branches of knowledge,
such as Islamic law, Hadith, history, literature, and the like.

Several scholars have the name:
"Marwazi" designating them as "hailing from Merv".

But Saffarid rule was brief and they were defeated by Samanids in 901.

Samanids weaked after second half of 10th century and Ghaznavids took present Turkmenistan in 990s. But, they challenged with Seljuks, newcomers from north. Seljuks' decisive victory against them, present Turkmenistan was passed to them in 1041.

Oghuz tribes

The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the
Oghuz confederation
of nomadic pastoral tribes
of the early Middle Ages,
which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia.

Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia.

In the second half of the 8th century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the 8th century.

By the 10th century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakhstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups.

In the 11th century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

First mention of Oghuz goes back to the time prior to the G;kt;rk state- there are references to the Sekiz-Oghuz ("eight-Oghuz") and the Dokuz-Oghuz ("nine-Oghuz") union.

The Oghuz Turks under Sekiz-Oghuz and the Dokuz-Oghuz state formations ruled different areas in the vicinity of the Altay Mountains.

During the establishment of the G;kt;rk state, Oghuz tribes inhabited the Altay mountain region and also lived along the Tula River. They also formed as a community near the Barlik river in present-day northern Mongolia.

Oghuz expansion by means of military campaigns went at least as far as the Volga River and Ural Mountains, but the geographic limits of their dominance fluctuated in the steppe areas extending north and west from the Aral Sea.

Accounts of Arab geographers and travelers portray the Oghuz ethnic group as lacking centralized authority and being governed by a number of "kings" and "chieftains."

Because of their disparate nature as a polity and the vastness of their domains, Oghuz tribes rarely acted in concert. Hence,
by the late 10th century, the bonds of their confederation began to loosen. At that time, a clan leader named Seljuk founded a dynasty and the empire that bore his name on the basis of those Oghuz elements that had migrated southward into present-day Turkmenistan and Iran.

The Seljuk Empire was centered in Persia, from which
Oghuz groups
spread
into Azerbaijan and Anatolia.

After the fall of G;kt;rk kingdom, Oghuz tribes migrated to the area of Transoxiana, in western Turkestan, in modern Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan. This land became known as the "Oghuz steppe" which is an area between the Caspian and Aral Seas.


Ibn al-Athir,
an Arab historian,
stated that the
Oghuz Turks had come to Transoxiana in the period of the caliph Al-Mahdi in the years between 775 and 785.


[[[ Athir  --- Athur --- Arhur (???)]]]


In the period of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833), the name Oghuz starts to appear in the Islamic historiography. By 780 AD, the eastern parts of the Syr Darya were ruled by the Karluk Turks and the western region (Oghuz steppe) was ruled by the Oghuz Turks.

The name Turkmen first appears in written sources of the
10th century to distinguish those
Oghuz groups who migrated south into the Seljuk domains and accepted Islam from those that had remained in the steppe. Gradually, the term took on the properties of an ethnonym and was used exclusively to designate Muslim Oghuz, especially those who migrated away from the Syrdariya Basin. By the 13th century, the term Turkmen supplanted the designation Oghuz altogether. The origin of the word Turkmen remains unclear. According to popular etymologies as old as the 11th century, the word derives from Turk plus the Iranian element manand, and means "resembling a Turk." Modern scholars, on the other hand, have proposed that the element man /men acts as an intensifier and have translated the word as "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks."

Seljuks

In the 11th century, Seljuk domains stretched from the delta of the Amu Darya delta into Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus region, Syria, and Asia Minor. In 1040 the Seljuk Turks crossed the Oxus from the north, and having defeated Masud, sultan of Ghazni, raised Toghrul Beg, grandson of Seljuk, to the throne of Iran, founding the Seljukid dynasty, with its capital at Nishapur. A younger brother of Toghrul, Daud, took possession of Merv and Herat. Toghrul was succeeded by his nephew Alp Arslan (the Great Lion), who was buried at Merv. It was about this time that Merv reached the zenith of her glory. In 1055 Seljuk forces entered Baghdad, becoming masters of the Islamic heartlands and important patrons of Islamic institutions. Until these revolts, Turkmen tribesmen were an integral part of the Seljuk military forces. Turkmen migrated with their families and possessions on Seljuk campaigns into Azerbaijan and Anatolia, a process that began the Turkification of these areas. During this time, Turkmen also began to settle the area of present-day Turkmenistan. Prior to the Turkmen habitation, most of this desert had been uninhabited, while the more habitable areas along the Caspian Sea, Kopetdag Mountains, Amu Darya, and Murgap River (Murgap Deryasy) were populated predominantly by Iranians.

The city-state of
Merv
was an especially large sedentary and agricultural area, important as both a regional economic-cultural center and a transit hub on the Silk Road.

The last powerful Seljuk ruler, Sultan Sanjar (d. 1157), witnessed the fragmentation and destruction of the empire because of attacks by Turkmen and other tribes. During the reign of Sultan Sanjar or Sinjar of the same house,

in the middle of the 11th century,
Merv
was overrun by the Turkish tribes of the Ghuzz from beyond the Oxus. It eventually passed under the sway of the rulers of Khwarizm (Khiva). After mixing with the settled peoples in Turkmenistan, the Oguz living north of the Kopet-Dag Mountains gradually became known as the Turkmen.

The Seljuk empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen became independent tribal federation.

Mongols and Timurids

In 1157, the rule of Seljuks dynasty came to an end in the province of Khorasan. The Turkic rulers of Khiva took control of the area of Turkmenistan, under the title of Khwarezmshahs in 1221, central Asia suffered a disastrous invasion by Mongol warriors who swept across the region from their base in eastern Asia."


"Under their commander,
Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols conquered Khwarezm and

burned the city of Merv to the ground.

The Mongol leader ordered
the massacre of Merv's inhabitants
as well as
the destruction of the province's farms and irrigation works
which effectively ended the Iranian dominance in urban areas and agricultural communities of khwarezm.

These areas were soon repopulated by the Turkmen who survived the invasion and had retreated northward to the plains of Kazakhstan or westward to the shores of the Caspian Sea. After the division of the Mongol Empire, present Turkmenistan was passed to Chagatai Khanate except southernmost part was belonged to Ilkhanate.

Small, semi-independent states arose under the rule of the region's tribal chiefs later in the 14th century.

In the 1370s, Amir Timur (also known as Tamerlane), one of the greatest conquerors in human history, captured Turkmen states once more and established the short lived Timurid Empire, which collapsed after Timur's death in 1405, when Turkmens became independent once again."

(from Wikipedia)

....

........

*****
So,  we are looking for a possibilty  English/British  Wizard  Merlin   had  came  on island  England  as a  traveler Wizard  from a town   Merv.


Merv   -----   Merlin    (???)


We will see  events  in   Merv  town  history:


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv


From Wikipedia

"Merv
(Turkmen: Merw, Мерв; Persian: Marv),
formerly
Achaemenid Persian Satrapy of Margiana, and later
Alexandria (Margiana) and
Antiochia in Margiana,
was a major oasis-city in Central Asia,
on the historical Silk Road,
located near today's
Mary in Turkmenistan.

Several cities have existed on this site, which is significant for the interchange of culture and politics at a site of major strategic value.

The site of ancient Merv has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. (See List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan)


Merv
has prehistoric roots:
archaeological surveys have revealed many traces of village life as far back as
the 3rd millennium BC
and have associated the area culturally with
the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex.

The geography of the
Zend-Avesta (commentaries on the Avesta) mentions
Merv (under the name of Mouru) along with
Balkh.

In Zoroastrianism,
the god Ahura Mazda created
Mouru as one of sixteen perfect lands.

Under the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC),
the historical record mentions
Merv
as a place of some importance: under the name of
Margu
it occurs as part of one of the satrapies in
 the Behistun inscriptions (ca. 515 BC) of the
Persian monarch
Darius Hystaspis.


The first city of
Merv
was founded
in the 6th century BC
as part of the
Achaemenid expansion into the region of
Cyrus the Great
(559–530 BC),
but later strata deeply cover the Achaemenid levels at the site.




Hellenistic era


Alexander the Great's visit
to
Merv is merely legendary,
but the city was named
Alexandria
after him for a time.

After Alexander's death
in 323 BC,
Merv
became the capital of the Province of Margiana of the Seleucid, Greco-Bactrian (256-125 BC), Parthian, and Sassanid states.

The Seleucid ruler
Antiochus Soter (reigned 281–261 BC)
renamed
Merv
as
Antiochia Margiana;
he rebuilt and expanded the city at the site presently known as
Gyaur Gala (G;w;rgala) fortress.


After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, Bactria, Parthia, and the Kushans took control in succession.

Merv
was a major city of
Buddhist learning,
with
Buddhist monastery temples for many centuries
until its Islamicization.

At the site of Gyaur Kala and Bairam Ali Buddhism was followed and practised often at the local Buddhist stupas.



After
the Sassanid Ardashir I
(220–240 AD) took
Merv,
the study of numismatics picks up the thread:

the unbroken series of coins originally minted at Merv document a long unbroken direct Sassanian rule of almost four centuries.

During this period
Merv
was home to practitioners of various religions beside
the official Sassanid
Zoroastrianism, including
Buddhists,
Manichaeans, and
Christians of the Church of the East.

Between the 6th (553) and 11th centuries AD,
Merv
served as the seat of an
East Syrian metropolitan province,
key in
the Dualist church's mission
 east up the Silk Road to Turkestan and China.

The Hephthalite (Hun) occupation
from the end of the 5th century to 565 AD
briefly interrupted Sassanid rule.


[ The city of Marv, Turkmenistan in the 4th century as shown on the Peutinger Map ]

the Peutinger Map
Peutinger Map
Tabula Peutingeriana ((ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus, the road network of the Roman Empire.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana


Arab occupation and influence

Sassanian rule came to an end when the last Sassanian ruler, Yazdegerd III (632–651) was killed not far from the city and the Sassanian military governor surrendered to the approaching Arab army. Representatives of the caliph Umar occupied the city, which became the capital of the Umayyad province of Khorasan.

In 671
Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan
sent 50,000 Arab troops to
Merv
as a colony.

This colony retained its native Kufan sympathies and became the nucleus of Khurasan.

Using the city as their base, the Arabs, led by Qutayba ibn Muslim
from 705 to 715, brought under subjection large parts of Central Asia, including
Balkh, Bokhara, and Fergana.

Merv, and Khorasan in general,
became one of the first parts of the Persian-speaking world
to become majority-Muslim.

Arab immigration to the area was substantial.

A Chinese captured at Talas,
Du Huan, was brought to Baghdad and toured the caliphate.
He observed that
in Merv,
Khurasan,
Arabs and Persians lived in mixed concentrations.

Merv
gained renewed importance
in February 748
when the Iranian general Abu Muslim (d. 755) declared a new
Abbasid dynasty
at Merv,
expanding and re-founding the city, and, in the name of the Abbasid line, used the city as a base of rebellion against the Umayyad caliphate.

After the Abbasids became established in Baghdad, Abu Muslim continued to rule Merv as a semi-independent prince until his eventual assassination. Indeed, Merv operated as the center of Abbasid partisanship for the duration of the Abbasid Revolution of 746-750, and later on became a consistent source of political support for the Abbasid rulers in Baghdad; the governorship of Khurasan at Merv was considered one of the most important political figures of the Caliphate.

The influential Barmakid family, based in Merv, played an important part in transferring Greek knowledge (established in Merv since the days of the Seleucids and Greco-Bactrians) into the Arab world.

Throughout the Abbasid era
(750-1258),
Merv
remained the capital and most important city of
Khurasan.

During this time,
the Arab historian
Al-Muqaddasi
(c. 945/946 - 991) called
Merv "delightful, fine, elegant, brilliant, extensive, and pleasant".


Merv's architecture perhaps provided the inspiration for the Abbasid re-planning of Baghdad.

The city was notable as a home for immigrants from the Arab lands
as well as for those
from Sogdia
and elsewhere in Central Asia.

In the period
from 813 to 818,
the temporary residency of
the caliph al-Ma'mun
effectively made
Merv
the capital of the Muslim world
and
highlighted Merv's importance to the Abbasids.

Merv
also became the center of a major
8th-century
Neo-Mazdakite movement led by al-Muqanna,
the "Veiled Prophet",
who gained many followers by claiming to be an incarnation of God and heir to Abu Muslim; the Khurramiyya inspired by him persisted
in Merv until the 12th century.

During this period
Merv,
like Samarkand and Bukhara, functioned as
one of the great cities of Muslim scholarship;
the celebrated historian
Yaqut (1179–1229) studied in its libraries.

Merv
produced a number of scholars in various branches of knowledge,
such as
Islamic law, hadith, history, and literature.

Several scholars
have the name
Marwazi
designating them as
hailing from Merv,
including the famous
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal
(780–855).

The city continued to have
a substantial
Christian community.

In 1009
the Archbishop of Merv
sent a letter to the Patriarch at Baghdad
asking that the Keraites be allowed to fast less than other
Nestorian Christians.

As the caliphate weakened,
Arab rule in Merv was replaced by that of the
Persian general Tahir b. al -Husayn and his
Tahirid dynasty in 821.

The Tahirids ruled
Merv
from 821 to 873,

followed by the Saffarids (873-),
then the Samanids
and later the Ghaznavids.




Turks in Merv


In 1037,
the Seljuks,
a clan of
Oghuz Turks
moving from the steppes east of the Aral Sea, peacefully took over
Merv under the leadership of Toghril Beg—the Ghaznavid sultan Masud was extremely unpopular in the city. Togrul's brother ;agry stayed in Merv as the Seljuk domains grew to include the rest of Khurasan and Iran, and it subsequently became a favorite city of the Seljuk leadership. Alp Arslan (Sultan: 1063-1072) and his descendant Sultan Sanjar (died 1157) were both buried at Merv.

During this period
Merv expanded to its greatest size—Arab and Persian geographers termed it
"the mother of the world", the "rendezvous of great and small", the "chief city of Khurasan" and the capital of the eastern Islamic world.

Written sources also attest to a large library and madrasa founded by
Nizam al-Mulk (Vizier: 1064-1092), as well as many other major cultural institutions.
Merv was "the best of the major cities of Iran and Khurasan" (Herrmann 1999).

Sanjar's rule, marked by conflict with the Kara-Khitai and Khwarazmians,
ended
in 1153 when
Turkish Ghuzz nomads from beyond the Amu Darya pillaged the city.

Subsequently,
Merv changed hands between the Khwarazmians of Khiva, the Ghuzz, and the Ghurids -
it began to lose importance relative to Khurasan's other major city,
Nishapur.



Mongols in Merv


In 1221
Merv opened its gates to Tolui, son of Genghis Khan, chief of the Mongols, on which occasion
most of the inhabitants are said to have been butchered.



The Persian historian Juvayni, writing a generation after the destruction of Merv, wrote

"The Mongols
ordered that, apart from four hundred artisans. ..,
the whole population,
including
the women and children,
should be killed, and no one, whether woman or man, be spared.

To each [Mongol soldier] was allotted the execution of three or four hundred Persians.

So many had been killed by nightfall that the mountains became hillocks, and the plain was soaked with the blood of the mighty."


Some historians[who?] believe that

over one million
people died in the aftermath of the city's capture,
including hundreds of thousands of refugees from elsewhere,
making it one of the most bloody captures of a city in world history.


Excavations revealed drastic rebuilding of the city's fortifications in the aftermath, but the prosperity of the city had passed.

The Mongol invasion spelt the eclipse of Merv and indeed of other major centres for more than a century.

After the Mongol conquest,
Merv
became part of the
Ilkhanate
and was consistently looted by
Chagatai Khanate.

In the early part of the 14th century
the town became the seat of a
Christian archbishopric of the Eastern Church
under the rule of the Kartids,
vassals of the Ilkhanids.


By 1380
Merv
belonged to the empire of Timur
(Tamerlane).



Uzbeks in Merv and its final destruction

In 1505
the Uzbeks occupied
Merv;

five years later Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid dynasty of Persia, expelled them.

In this period a Persian nobleman restored a large dam (the 'Soltanbent') on the river Murghab, and the settlement which grew up in the area thus irrigated became known as "Ba'yramaly", as referenced in some 19th-century texts.

Merv
remained in the hands of Persia
(except for periods of Uzbek rule between 1524 and 1528 and again between 1588 and 1598) until 1785, when Shah Murad, the Emir of Bokhara, captured the city.

A few years later,
in 1788 and 1789,

the Bukharan Manghit king,
Shah Murad Beg

razed the city to the ground,

broke down the dams,

and converted the district into a waste.


The entire population of the city and the surrounding oasis of
about 100,000
were then
deported in several stages to the Bukharan oasis and Samarkand region in the Zarafshan Valley.


 Being nearly all Azerbaijani Turkish-speaking Shi'as from the Izzeddinlu branch of Qajar tribe, the deportees resisted assimilation into the Sunni population of Bukhara, despite the common language they spoke with most Bukharan natives.

These Marvis survive as of
2016 —
Soviet censuses listed them as
"Iranis/Iranians" through the 1980s.

They live in Samarkand as well as in Bukhara and in the area in between on the Zarafshan river.


...

Merv
is currently the focus of
the Ancient Merv Project
(initially as
the International Merv Project).


From 1992 to 2000, a joint team of archaeologists from Turkmenistan and the UK have made remarkable discoveries.

In 2001, a new collaboration was started between the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and the Turkmen authorities.

four cities; all of the sites are preserved in the
“Ancient Merv Archaeological Park”
just north of the modern
village of
Ba;ramaly (Ba'yramaly) 
and thirty kilometers east of the large Soviet-built
city of
Mary
(Herrmann 1993)."

(from Wikipedia)

Resource
"Merv"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv


************

But as this was just my fantazy ideas about a possible versa of possible linguistic links between the ancient town  Merv  and name Merlin, Wizard Mervin in island England, a popular hero in legends about  King  Arthur,

I do not know the truth here, how this was, some others, probably, the some.

****

We will look popular versa about this all:

on Russian


"Мерлин"
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мерлин

from Wikipedia

"Мерлин
(англ. Merlin,
валл. Myrddin,
валл. Myrddin Emrys,
валл.
Ann ap Lleian,
Annvab y llaian) — в британском цикле легенд,
мудрец и волшебник кельтских мифов,
наставник и советник короля Артура,
а также ранее его отца Утера и короля Вортигерна.
Кроме того, имя Мерлина встречается как эпитет в средневековой кельтской поэзии бардов.

Имя Мерлина связано с валл. Myrddin.

Валлийское имя возникло, вероятно, в связи с неправильной интерпретацией названия
города
Кармартен:
валл. Caerfyrddin.

Это название происходит от бриттского *
Mori-dunon
'морская крепость',
однако было позже понято как
Caer-Myrddin
(переход m в f (читается [v])
отвечает правилам валлийской грамматики),
то есть
«крепость Мирдина».

Латинский вариант
Merlinus
(римское название одной из соколиных пород)
появляется у
Гальфрида Монмутского.

Мерлин является повелителем зверей, и может принимать облик любого из лесных животных. Живущий в лесу отшельник в кельтских легендах отождествляется с богом Цернунном — покровителем леса, животных и волшебства.




Мерлин у Талиесина


Englynnion Y Bedeu
ST. 14.
"Bedd Ann ap Lleian ym newys
Vynydd, lluagor Hew Emmrys,
Priv ddewin Merddin Emmrys."

translated by Herbert Algernon:

"The grave of Ann ap Lleian in the electoral
Mount, the host-opening lion Ambrose,
The chief enchanter Merlin Ambrose."

translated by Mary Johnes:


"The grave of the nun's son on Newais:
Mountain of battle, Llew [lion of?] Emrys,
Chief Magician, Myrddin Emrys"

Общий приблизительный перевод:

"Могила
Анна сына Ллеиана
на Невайс Горе,
воинственного льва
Амвросия,
Вождя чародеев
Мерлина Амвросия"

Peniarth MS. 98B (1616?):
variant version of "Englynion y Beddau"

Мерлин
упоминается в сочинении, приписываемом
барду Талиесину
«Могилы воинов» (Englynnion Y Bedeu),
написанном трёхстишиями в форме «Englyn milwr».

Поэма содержится в
«Чёрной Книге из Кармартена».

Мерлину посвящена 14-я строфа, сохранившаяся в манускрипте
Peniarth 98B, в которой он фигурирует сразу под тремя именами:
Анн ап Ллейан (валл. Ann ap Lleian),
Амвросий (валл. Emmrys) и
Мерлин Амвросий (валл.  Merddin Emmrys).

В первом имени «Lleian» можно перевести как «монахиня», таким образом, валл. Ann ap Lleian допустимо перевести как
«Анн, сын монахини», (англ. Ann son of the Nun).




Рождение и детство Мерлина


Происхождение Мерлина, как и жизнь, окутано мифами.


Согласно одним источникам, его мать была одной из чистейших и добрейших девушек за историю человечества, и зло никогда не рождалось в её душе. Дьявол искал путей к ней, но не находил.

Однажды её сестра, злая женщина и полная ей противоположность, пришла домой пьяной и начала несправедливо бранить и оскорблять сестру. Девушка разгневалась, открыв тем самым свою душу злу, и дьявол овладел ею. Так был зачат Мерлин.

Во время беременности она молила Бога, чтобы он помиловал её и ребёнка, а также обращалась за помощью-советом к своему духовнику-священнику Блезу.

Блез решил, что следует «окрестить Мерлина сразу по его рождении». Окрестив Мерлина, Блез уничтожил «всё тёмное наследие Мерлина», но у Мерлина остались необычайные «способности мудреца и провидца».


По иной версии той же легенды, мать Мерлина, монахиня Кармелис, однажды последовала на берег реки, и прилегла отдохнуть.

Злой дух, давно следивший за ней, воспользовался этим и, подлетев поближе, трижды клюнул Кармелис в ухо. Проснувшись, девушка почуяла недоброе и поспешила к монаху Блезу.

Услышав её рассказ, монах упрекнул Кармелис в неосторожности, сказав, что через 9 месяцев она родит ребёнка от Чёрного Духа.

Малыш родился покрытый шерстью, повергнув свою мать в ужас. Слыша, как она проклинает Чёрного Духа, младенец заговорил: «не бойтесь, матушка, я не причиню вам никакого зла». Вскоре к монахине пришел Блез и окрестив дитя, увидел, что шерсть с его тела исчезла.



Согласно другой легенде,
Мерлин родился в городе Уэльс в 500-х годах,
мать его была обычной девушкой, а отец волшебником.

С ранних лет маленький Мерлин старался волхвовать и пророчествовать. Ему повиновались все звери и птицы, а олени и филины часто были спутниками его игр. Мерлин был добрейшим мальчиком — всем помогал, давал советы. Он был полностью доволен жизнью, пока король Вортигерн не позвал его усмирить двух драконов. И тогда все окончательно поняли, что Мерлин — волшебник.



Ещё одна версия легенды, дохристианская, в которой говорится, что

Мерлин
был
внебрачным сыном одного из королей,
зачатым от ведьмы,


в легенде также упомянуто кровное родство
Мерлина и Морганы,
являвшейся его младшей сестрой


[[[Король Артур (King Arthur)
имел внебрачного  сына
Mordred
от своей сводной сестры Морганы,
не зная ещё тогда, что она, Моргана, Morgana,
его сводная сестра (?)]]]


В кельтских легендах
есть упоминания о
Гвендид и Гвендалин,
сестре и жене Мерлина



Мерлин и Артур



Самым полным собранием эпизодов из легендарной жизни Мерлина обычно принято считать книгу сэра Томаса Мэлори «Смерть Артура». Мерлин является там наставником-ментором будущего короля Британии Артура, сына короля Утера Пендрагона и леди Игрэйн, который был зачат после смерти первого мужа Игрейн (согласно Мэлори) благодаря магической помощи Мерлина. За это волшебник забирает себе младенца и воспитывает его.

Когда Артур достиг возраста шестнадцати лет, Мерлин советует ему участвовать в состязании за древний меч в камне. По известному преданию, тому, кто сможет извлечь этот меч из камня, суждено объединить всю Британию (этот меч — ещё не Экскалибур, с которым его часто путают). Экскалибур попадает в руки Артуру в одном из следующих эпизодов — Мерлин чарами взывает к Владычице Озера, которая дарует Артуру Экскалибур. После смерти Артура меч возвращается Владычице Озера.

Смерть Мерлина описывается в эпизоде с Морганой — злой колдуньей, извечной противницей рыцарей Круглого Стола. Она околдовывает Мерлина, погружая его в вечный сон, выведав его тайны с помощью девушки Нимуэ. Согласно легенде, Мерлин спит где-то под холмом вечным сном, но ещё может проснуться. По другой легенде, злая колдунья Моргана заточила Мерлина в могучий дуб, где он и умер.

Однако есть и другие легенды, согласно которым Мерлин заключён в колонну. Дева Озера, в которую Мерлин был влюблён, обманула его и, сотворив волшебную колонну из воздуха, навек заключила в неё Мерлина.



«Легенда о короле Артуре» написана Мерлином и Блезом


Сама «легенда о короле Артуре» сообщает, что её написал
«мудрец-отшельник Блез»
— по просьбе Мерлина, под диктовку и по рассказам Мерлина.

И Мерлин высказал Блезу пророчество:

«Эта твоя книга о славном короле Артуре будет на все времена „самой любимой книгой в мире“».




Проклятие Мерлина


По легенде, после смерти Артура саксы всё же захватили Британию, и Мерлин проклял саксов, предсказав падение Белого Дракона (символа саксов).

Так или иначе, «проклятие Мерлина» сбылось во время битвы при Гастингсе, когда Вильгельм Завоеватель убил последнего саксонского короля Гарольда. Позже и норманны, смешавшиеся с саксонской кровью Матильды, пали, и после Плантагенетов, Йорков и Ланкастеров престол захватили валлийцы по крови — то есть бритты — Тюдоры, таким образом, королевская власть вернулась к потомкам кельтов.




Мерлин в литературе


Возникновение легенды


Впервые Мерлин упоминается в
«Истории бриттов»
Гальфрида Монмутского
и, возможно, возник от контаминации

двух легендарных героев:

Мирддина Виллта (Myrddin Wyllt),
известного также как
Merlinus Caledonensis,

и Амвросия Аврелиана (Aurelius Ambrosius).

В результате возник персонаж, которого
Гальфрид назвал
Мерлином Амброзием.

В итальянских Новеллино XIII века имя Мерлина встречается несколько раз
(новеллы 25, 66, 70). Новелла 70 имеет подзаголовок «Пророчество Мерлина».

«История бриттов» (лат. «Historia Regum Britanniae») и
поэма «Жизнь Мерлина» («Vita Merlini») Гальфрида Монмутского

французский роман Роберта де Борона (ок. 1200)

сэр Томас Мэлори, «Смерть Артура» (Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d’Arthur), 1470

См. также: Артуровский цикл

Мерлин стал одним из персонажей
романа Марка Твена
«Янки из Коннектикута при дворе короля Артура».
Образ волшебника был сатирически переосмыслен автором, который сделал Мерлина воплощением некогда влиятельного ретрограда, всеми силами противящегося техническому прогрессу.

(Именно этот образ стал основой образа Мерлина
в повести братьев Стругацких «Понедельник начинается в субботу»).

Дугласом Монро написаны книги
«Двадцать один урок Мерлина» и
«Утерянные книги Мерлина»…

Мерлин является главным персонажем
в «мерлиновской» трилогии
Мэри Стюарт.

Мерлин — один из важнейших персонажей
романа Клайва Стейплза Льюиса
«Мерзейшая мощь»


Теренс Хэнбери Уайт
написал тетралогию
«Король былого и грядущего».
В ней он соединил сказку, юмористику, элементы рыцарского и философского квеста.




Мерлин в кинематографе

1963, Великобритания — «Саксы захватывают трон[en]». Роль Мерлина исполнил Джон Лори.
1963, США — Меч в камне (Мультфильм) — Роль озвучивал Карл Свенсон
2001 Туманы Авалона (сериал) — Роль Мерлина исполнил Майкл Бирн
2004 Король Артур — Роль Мерлина исполнил Стивен Диллэйн
2008—2012, Великобритания — «Мерлин (телесериал)». Роль Мерлина исполнил Морган, Колин
2010, США — Легенда о Мерлине начинает фильм «Ученик чародея», сюжет которого разворачивается вокруг Преемника мага. Роль Мерлина исполнил Джеймс А. Стефенс.
2017, США — Является одним из ключевых героев фильма «Трансформеры: Последний рыцарь». Его роль сыграл Стэнли Туччи, который удосужился, уже, сыграть в приквеле «Трансформеры: Эпоха истребления» роль Джошуа Джойса.


Herbert Algernon. Britania after the Romans. London.1886.vol 2. p 17
The Chronicle of the Early Britons.Brut y Bryttaniait according to Jesus College MS LXI an annotated translation by Wm R Cooper MA, PhD, ThD.Ashford,Middlesex.2002
Ystoria Taliesin
Herbert Algernon. Britania after the Romans. London.1886.vol 2. p 3
 http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/englynion98b.html Englynnion Y Bedeu Peniarth 98B Перевод 14 строфы Mary Johnes
Дмитриева О. Белый дракон над Англией // Знание-Сила. — М., 1997. — № 11.
Написание Мирддин Виллт — согласно журналу Вокруг Света, № 6 (2825), июнь 2009  (Проверено 1 июня 2009)
Новеллино (Il novellino). Издание подготовили М. Л. Андреев, И. А. Соколова. Серия «Литературные памятники». — М., Наука, 1984.       "

(from Wikipedia)

*************************
**********************************************

И, я сюда добавлю версию и  гипотезу   , связывающую  древний  город  Мерв  в  Туркменистане  и  имя Мерлин


город  Мерв  в Туркменистане   -----  и   имя Волшебник  Мерлин,

Мерв -- Мерлин

Мерлин, как "с города Мерв с Туркменистана"

Турк, Тур, Туркменистан, Турция, турки, тур, - ---  и Артур



Волшебники и рыцари часто в путешествиях и передрягах,
рыцари турниры проводят.

Волшебника вполне могло занести в Туркменистан город Мерв,
и он мог взять имя в память города Мерв как Мерлин.


Но это чисто фантазийная версия и гипотеза.  Может быть и правдой и полным вымыслом.


Кстати, мы знаем версии о путешествии Иисуса Христа в Индию (как версия).

Но и город Мерв аккамулировал палитру религий в определённые этапы, а также и студентов.

********

On English


"Merlin"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin


" Merlin
(Welsh: Myrddin) is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in Arthurian legend and medieval Welsh poetry.
The standard depiction of the character first appears in
Geoffrey of Monmouth's
Historia Regum Britanniae, written c. 1136,
and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures.

Geoffrey combined existing stories of
Myrddin Wyllt (Merlinus Caledonensis),
a North Brythonic prophet and madman with no connection to King Arthur,
with tales of the Romano-British war leader
Ambrosius Aurelianus
to form the composite figure he called
Merlin Ambrosius (Welsh: Myrddin Emrys)."

(from Wikipedia)
***************************************************

"Matter of Britain"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Britain

"The Matter of Britain is the body of Medieval literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain, and sometimes Brittany, and the legendary kings and heroes associated with it, particularly King Arthur. It was one of the three great story cycles recalled repeatedly in medieval literature, together with the Matter of France, which concerned the legends of Charlemagne, and the Matter of Rome, which included material derived from or inspired by classical mythology."

(from Wikipedia)
**************************************
"King Arthur"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur


King Arthur

"King Arthur
is a legendary British leader who,
according to medieval histories and romances,
led the defence of Britain
against Saxon invaders
in the late 5th and early 6th centuries.

The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.

The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the

Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and
the writings of Gildas.

Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.

Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up
the Matter of Britain.

The legendary Arthur
developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of
Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative
12th-century
Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).

In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems
that date from before this work,
Arthur
appears either as a great warrior defending Britain
from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore,
sometimes associated with
the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn.

How much of
Geoffrey's
Historia
(completed in 1138)
was adapted from such earlier sources,
rather than invented by Geoffrey himself,
is unknown.

Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version;
Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories.

Geoffrey depicted
Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over
Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul.

Many elements and incidents
that are now an integral part of
the Arthurian story appear
in Geoffrey's Historia, including
Arthur's father
Uther Pendragon,
the wizard Merlin,
Arthur's wife Guinevere,
the sword Excalibur,
Arthur's conception at Tintagel,
his final battle against Mordred at Camlann,
and final rest in Avalon.

The 12th-century
French writer
Chretien de Troyes,
who added
Lancelot and
the Holy Grail to the story,
began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature.
In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself
to other characters, such as various
Knights of the Round Table.

Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century.

In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media."



"The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars. One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) and Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals), sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century.

The Historia Brittonum,
a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called
Nennius,
contains the first datable mention of King Arthur,
 listing twelve battles that Arthur fought. These culminate in
the Battle of Badon, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men. "

(from Wikipedia)


"The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae, which also link
Arthur with
the Battle of Badon.
The Annales date this battle to 516–518, and also mention
the Battle of Camlann, in which
Arthur and Medraut (Mordred)
were both killed,
dated to 537–539.

These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Badon.

Problems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum's account.

The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales.

Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early.

They were more likely added at some point
in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals.

The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum."

[no evidences of the real existing by historical studies results]

(from Wikipedia)


...

"An alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars, derives the name
Arthur
from
Arcturus,
the brightest star in the constellation Bo;tes,
near Ursa Major or the Great Bear.

Classical Latin
Arcturus
would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and
its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as
the "guardian of the bear"
(which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek) and
the "leader" of the other stars in Boo;tes (Bootes).

A similar first name is Old Irish
Artur,
which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur.

The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Aedan mac Gabrain (d. 609)"

(from Wikipedia)

Resource:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur

***
 "Arthur stone"
"Artognou stone"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artognou_stone

 "Arthur stone"
"Artognou stone"

"Artognou stone"

"The Artognou stone, sometimes referred to as
the Arthur stone,
 is an archaeological artefact uncovered
in Cornwall in the United Kingdom.

It was discovered in 1998 in securely dated

sixth-century

contexts
among the ruins
at

Tintagel Castle in Cornwall,
a secular, high status settlement of sub-Roman Britain.

It appears to have originally been a practice dedication stone for some building or other public structure, but it was broken in two and re-used as part of a drain when the original structure was destroyed. Upon its discovery the stone achieved some notoriety due to the suggestion that "Artognou" was connected to the legendary King Arthur,
though scholars such as John Koch have criticized the evidence for this connection."

"At the top right-hand corner of the fragment is a deeply cut motif consisting (as visible) of
a letter
A
and another incomplete character on either side of a large diagonal cross;
the whole may represent a common Christian symbol,
a Christogram—the Greek alphabet letters Alpha and Omega flanking a large Greek letter Chi (written like a Roman X),
the initial of
Christos (Christ).

Below this and to the left, but overlapping it slightly, is a smaller, more lightly incised inscription in Latin, reading:

PATERN[--] COLI AVI FICIT ARTOGNOU .


This seems to have been repeated lower down and to the right; only the letters COL[.] and FICIT, on two lines, can be seen on the fragment. This repetition, the overlap with the Christogram and the shallow carving (scratching would be a more accurate description) all suggest that this was not a formal inscription but an example of graffiti.

The inscription has been translated by the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project as


"Artognou descendant of Patern[us] Colus made (this). Colus made (this)."



The name
Artognou
means "Bear Knowing",
from the Brittonic root *arto "bear" plus *gn;wo- "to know",
and is cognate with
the Old Breton name
Arthnou
and Welsh name
Arthneu.

Also found
in the sixth-century fort
at Tintagel
were
numerous remains of expensive pottery, glasswork, and
coins from Visigothic Spain and
the Byzantine Empire
(when excavated in the 1930s
by C. A. Ralegh Radford).
It would have had to be a powerful state to have sustained trade with the Mediterranean."

(from Wikipedia)

"Recent studies, however, question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum."

(from Wikipedia)

****



To summarize.


Any knowledge is the process of time to pass to add facts, events, resources of facts.


While so,

Port Arthur  town in China may be connected to   King Arthur name and legends or links

and town  Merv in Turkemistan, Turkmenia to Wizard Mellin legends.


But this connections is a fantazies. No evedences for me to know them.




Regards,


Inna
Tiggi


Eanna  Inna   Balzina-Balzin
Ианна  Инна  Бальзина-Бальзин

"Port Arthur town of Knights of Round Table",
the small article of fantazies and copy past information from Wikipedia.
http://www.proza.ru/2018/06/17/1390